Bell Jar Analysis

Sylvia Plath’s semi-autobiographical novel â€Å"The Bell Jar† employs many of the same confessional techniques and themes of her poetic work. While the novel is confessional, it is also provides sociological commentary (and insight) into the processes of medical treatment and the social ostracization and victimization of the mentally ill.A basic technique used in the novel, by Plath, is to present a seemingly â€Å"normal† world and then, by way of internal monologue and character development, allow the reader to glimpse a highly studied and carefully described portrayal of the way that mental illness impacts both society and the individual.By expressing a personal encounter with metal illness, Plath, through the character of Esther, presents a ‘case study† in clinical depression and bipolar disorder without resorting to clinical diagnoses or psychological language or theories. Instead, her literary interpretation of mental illness functions to expan d the clinical understanding of mental disorders by providing cognitive insight into the experienced phenomena of mental illness.The opening line of the novel: â€Å"It was a queer, sultry summer, the summer the electrocuted the Rosenbergs† (Plath, 1) reveals the novel’s essential theme and conflict: that of the individual who stands â€Å"outside looking in† with regard to their society: it is a theme of psychological rather than physical exile, though Esther identifies, via the powerful verb â€Å"electrocuted,† with the physical suffering of the Rosenbergs who were tried and executed for espionage and treason.Because the central conflict in â€Å"the Bell Jar† is internal, Plath constructs a dynamic and multi-faceted character whose preoccupations range from fashion, to dating, to the themes of great literature and to the essential meanings of life and death. Throughout the novel more is shown than told; that is, Plath refrains from divulging in formation about Esther directly; instead, she constructs scenes which transmit the internal character conflicts through symbolism and metaphor. A clinical diagnosis of Esther's mental illness can be made by deeply exploring the literary techniques of the novel.The novel's plot is relatively simple: a young, ambitious, and very talented woman wins a summer internship as a big-time New York magazine. While in New York, the young woman, Esther, suffers a series of unpleasant and often dangerous situations, begins to feel sense of hypocrisy and unhappiness in herself and in the world of glamour-publishing and seems to rebel against this hypocrisy (and sexism) by quitting her internship and throwing her expensive wardrobe out of her hotel window.Then, after returning to the suburbs to live with her mother, and failing to begin both her hoped-for novel and her college thesis, Esther begins to act increasingly erratically and self-destructively, severing her relationships and losing touch with her own creativity and ambition, until she is referred to a psychiatrist. Esther, however, is not psychologically unstable due to weakness or deformation: this is clear from the novel’s portrayal of her as a bright and shining and talented â€Å"golden girl† who wins poetry prizes and scholarships and is dating a medical student and writing term papers on Joyce.After being treated with electroshock therapy, Esther's condition and crisis become more and more severe until she attempts suicide, is â€Å"saved,† and sent to a mental hospital where she again receives electroshock therapy. The novel fails to provide any concrete resolution to Esther's crisis, and in doing so, avoids making any determination about the benefits of Esther's clinical diagnoses and treatment.However, the emotional arc of the narrative can certainly be said to move toward the positivistic and there are potentialities and capacities that are reinstated into Esther's character after her treatment. To fully understand the process of Esther's breakdown (and apply a clinical diagnosis), the reader must read deeply into the novel and consider deeply the relationships of the characters and the cross-ties adn relationships which fluctuate, not to the rhythms of a traditional novel's story-arc, but to the weird rhythms of Esther's own mental illness.In fact, the narrative is structured very similarly to a poem in that metaphorical and symbolic expression convey the essential dynamics of the story's themes at a far more attenuated level than the conventional storytelling elements of plot, conflict, and resolution. Of the latter, Plath conspicuously avoids classical execution; for example, â€Å"The Bell Jar† posits no clear antagonist, no externalized central conflict, and refrains from set-closure at its climax. This is a way by which the clinical diagnosis of Esther's diagnosis can be made.Her initial relationships portrayed in the novel include a â€Å"mentorâ⠂¬  in New York, the editor Jaycee, an â€Å"older sister† friend named Doreen, a fiancee named Buddy, and a literary mentor and benefactress named Philomena Guinea who was is a wealthy, famous novelist. Each of the relationships reflects an aspect of the healthy personality: ambitious, creative, socially engaged, and creative. Also, Esther's erotic drive, while never posited in the novel as â€Å"resolvable† decreases until she is able to view sex as only an oppressive act against women.As Esther's plight worsens, each of the relationships is severed. The clinical diagnosis which seems most applicable to Esther Greenwood would be that of clinical depression and a bipolar personality. Interestingly enough, bipolar disorder is often associated with creative minds and artists. read at one level, â€Å"The Bell Jar† describes the plight of the artistic mind in modern society as well as the plight of the artistic mind gripped by clinical mental illness.The key to s eparating where the individualist, the artist and rebel lies in Esther Greenwood and where the â€Å"madwoman,† the victim of a clinical mental illness lies is to apply rigorous methodology to the explication of the novel as a piece of literature. One such scene, which is representative of this technique used throughout â€Å"The Bell Jar,† is the scene when Esther, having traveled to new York upon winning an internship at a famous fashion magazine, throws her expensive wardrobe out of her hotel window.â€Å"The wind made an effort, but failed, and a batlike shadow sank toward the roof garden of the opposite penthouse† (Plath, 90). Such compressed and highly symbolic language forwards both character development (Esther is mentally unstable) as well as foreshadowing with the bat representing death and Esther’s ultimate plunge into attempted suicide. There is no gaiety in the scene, which if in evidence would suggest a triumphant rejection of the superficia lities described in the novel about the fashion-district of New York and Esther’s experiences there.Instead, a sens of doom pervades, along with a sense of self-destruction and psychological instability: â€Å"Piece by piece, I fed my wardrobe to the night wind, and flutteringly, like a loved one’s ashes, the gray scraps were ferried off, to settle here, there, exactly where I would never know, in the dark hart of New York. † (Plath 91). This single scene stands as emblematic of Esther’s (and Plath’s) essential plight: that of the bipolar personality and the track toward attempted suicide.The scene also represents the symptomatic progression of full-blown bipolar personality disorder which is characterized by depressive episodes and suicidal obsessions. The combination of high-achievement, goal-setting, ambition, creativity, task-setting, and personal expression with an equally profound sense of purposelessness, meaninglessness, lack of energy, lac k of sex drive, and plummeting self identity and a plummeting sense of self-esteem are compressed brilliantly into the above-described scene. By explicating the symbolism deeply, the bipolar disorder is easily uncovered.The feelings Esther has of not being able to connect with her life, of not comprehending her society or valuing her interpersonal relationships are aspects of the acute depressive crisis which marks the depressive â€Å"extreme† of the bipolar disorder. The novel describes how an acute depressive episode can lead to suicide even when treatment is being administered. The treatment which would seem most applicable for Esther Greenwood by modern diagnostic processes is not that which is provided for her in the novel: electroshock therapy.Rather, what is indicated is that Esther should be treated with psycho therapy, primarily, with perhaps the inclusion of certain, limited medication. The inclusion of family-centered therapy, social rhythm therapy, and cognitive therapy along with medication would provide the best hope for Esther's clinical recovery. However, the process of metal disorder described in the novel is mush wider, much more comprehensive than even modern therapies would seem to be an adequate redress for — although even a slight improvement in prognosis would probably have saved Esther from suicide.In order to restore and strengthen hern creative gifts and reinstate her standing in society, the clinical treatments might at least give Esther an impetus toward a healthy rather than self-destructive life. So carefully designed is Esther’s portrayal in â€Å"The Bell Jar,† that the reader stands an ever-increasing chance of identifying as deeply with Esther’s plight as Esther herself seems to identify with the plight of the Rosenbergs.In other words, the last thing which is intimated in the novel is that Esther bears any personal responsibility for her mental illness or the social stigmas that are attache d to it. In fact, I personally do not belive that there was anything Esther could have done or should have done to â€Å"prevent† her collapse. From rape to institutionalized chauvinism and the â€Å"saint-whore† syndrome, Esther experiences a multitude of the sociological injuries borne against women in America.She also, as a poet, stands for the sociological persecution of artists and the cultural misunderstanding of their sensitivities. Throughout the novel, Esther’s internal dialogue and descriptions of situations stands in bold contrast to the mundane and often mean or ignorant dialogue and observations of the novel’s minor characters. In addition to these deeper, more socially and politically inspired themes, â€Å" The Bell Jar† captures intimate details of middle-class adolescence: the struggle to succeed, the position often social outcast, and the cruelties and injustices of love and eroticism.This is why The Bell Jar is such an important novel: because it places an intimately personal, yet universal, protagonist in the grip of what modern psychology and modern psychiatry understand as a clinical mental illness. Rather than approach the topic clinically, Plath approaches the theme poetically and confessionally and draws the reader into a closes identification with Esther Greenwood. The result is that the alert reader, even one who is familiar with the clinical processes of bipolar disorder, will recognize a personal plight beneath the level which is clinically descriptive.The reader's identification with Esther then takes the form of first hope, then skepticism, about the clinical treatments (and practitioners) which are engaged ostensibly in working for Esther's recovery. Whether one reads the central theme of The Bell Jar as one of individuality and the alienation from modern society or as a literary portrayal of a clinically defined mental disorder, the conclusion that individuals who suffer from mental illness ar e both victimized and stigmatized in modern society is clear.My personal feeling is that Esther Greenwood is far more of a universal character than many would like to belive and that her portrayal in The Bell Jar indicates both the destructive influence of mental illness and the destructive influence of modern society which is revealed to be both widespread and institutionalized. References Plath, Sylvia The Bell Jar Bantam Books New York NY 1971.

Adam Smith: Questions

Which of he following does Adam Smith advocate? †¢The pursuit of self-interest ? According to Adam Smith in a ‘laissez faire’ economy each member will try to pursue and maximize his own self-interest †¢Import of restrictions to protect the domestic market ? Adam Smith believes in a free market economy and would disapprove of restrictions, even in the name of protection. †¢Private armies to protect the domestic market ? /? Adam Smith advocates the protection of the domestic market through an army, though I doubt he mean’s a private army.I believe he only supports an army that is owned and controlled by the public/the citizens. †¢A legal system to safeguard internal peace and justice ? Adam Smith supports the ‘laissez faire’ system which states that the government or state should interfere as little as possible in the trading activities between people, as that would only harm trade. †¢Government subsidies for the transport of in frastructure ? Adam Smith see’s this as another duty of the government to grant subsidies for the sake of transport and infrastructure. 2. What, according to Adam Smith, is the driving force of the economy?Adam Smith defined the factors of production as land, labor and capital. He also said that the economy was made up of individual transactions, and that buyers and sellers were looking out for their own self-interest, which was the driving force of every economy. Smith posed the idea of competition as well, and the â€Å"Invisible Hand† theory which dealt with competition, self-interest and protecting the consumer from government intervention. 3. Show how individuals who pursue self-interest may†¦ a)contribute to general economic prosperity(success);

Campaign posters made of a non recyclable materials Thesis

Campaign posters made of a non recyclable materials - Thesis Example Surely, all that is written in campaign posters would sum up to the different plans of each candidate to reach community improvement. However, before an improved community that would be characterized by peace, economic stability, and social equality, one needs to deal with the physiological needs of one’s people first such as easy and equal access to food, a healthy body, & favorable morals and education. All these will only be achieved if we learn to nurture Mother Nature who gives us fresh air to breathe, fresh crops to fill our stomach, and also the right sense of responsibility towards our environment (Recycling: A Component of Strong Community Development, n.d.). With this said, campaign posters made of non-recyclable materials pose a big problem such as the increase in natural disasters caused by the wastage of natural resources. Instilling in each citizen their responsibility in preserving the earth would develop an attitude where everyone realizes what they can do not only to help themselves but also their community. "Recycling: A Component of Strong Community Development | Region 4 | US EPA." US Environmental Protection Agency. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. . "Recycle, reuse, reduce." wwf - Australia: global environmental conservation organisation. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013.

Liabilities of Contractor, Employer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Liabilities of Contractor, Employer - Essay Example The reason for the strong position of the employer E is he terminated after the contractor stopped delivering. The contractor can be considered as an employer for his sub contractor. The repudiation of the sub contract by his sub contractor will make his sub contractor liable to him. This does not entitle him the right to stop the delivery of work to his employer. By stopping his delivery of work to his employer E, he not only made himself liable to employer but also gave a chance to the employer to terminate the contract. In the other cases, if the employer terminates the contract, he is not permitted according to law to award the work for another till 6 years. But that is not in the case of contractor's liability to the employer. According to L. Jaynes in the seminar about global conditions on contract, the liabilities of employer and contractor were listed out according to various clauses that impart liability on the party, who breaks the contract or who does an action that imparts liability. The concept of liability will be thought upon when the contract was terminated. This termination according to conditions of global contract depends on four clauses of the conditions of the contract. They are clause 15, 16, 17, 19.1 According tClause 15 deals with termination by employer, clause 16 deals with suspension and termination by contractor, clause 17 deals with risks and responsibilities, clause 19 deals with force majeure. According to clause 15 the termination by the employer is due to the failing to proceed or prosecute with works, subcontracting the whole work, assigning the contract to the third party without permission, not complying with the instructions of the engineer of the employer, becoming insolvent. In the prescribed case of M and E in this paper, subcontracting the works, failing to proceed with the works, failure to comply with the instructions of the architect forced the employer to terminate the contract. In sub clause 15.2 (b), it was described that if the contractor abandons the works or demonstrates the intention of discontinuing the performance, it will provide the ground for the termination of the contract by the employer. In the case of contractor and employer the contractor cannot stop delivery of the work for his employer due to the repudiation of the contract by a sub contractor. In this clause the contractor is employer for that sub contractor and he can terminate or take action on that sub contractor. Methodology of analysing the legal problems: In this case the methodology followed is to compare the situation with the principles and the provisions of the law and thus analysing the situation about liability of M and E. In the above case of M and E, instead of taking action on the sub contractor N, M stopped delivering to his employer, which provided ground for the employer to terminate the work. This clause demonstrates the conditions for the employer finding a ground for the termination of the contract. The prescribed case for this paper is suitable for the termination of the contract by the employer. This makes contractor liable to the employer and if employer takes any legal action he must bear the consequences. There is no chance for the contractor to compensate the loss he

A Storm in the Rocky Mountains by Bierstadt Essay

A Storm in the Rocky Mountains by Bierstadt - Essay Example The essay "A Storm in the Rocky Mountains by Bierstadt" explores the painting by Bierstadt, "A Storm in the Rocky Mountains". Coming from a generation of the aforementioned digital photography one is easily cynical enough to question the authenticity of the painting. Its surreal looks and intricate and fine detailing makes it impossible for one to believe that this is a creation by a mere mortal. In 1863, the artist is said to have set out on an expedition to the Chicago Lakes region of the Rockies and he referred to Yosemite as ‘the original site of the Garden of Eden.’ En-route his journey through the region currently known as the Chicago Peaks Range, Albert Bierstadt came to an immediate halt in awe of the breathtaking view, and immediately began to make sketches of the mountainous landscape to gather studies of the region for this monumental painting, executed three years later in his New York studio. For the final canvas, he exercised artistic license, rearranging s ome landmarks and exaggerating the scale of others, to maximize the visual interest of this Rocky Mountain landscape. Gazing at the painting, one does not tend to notice all that, but is left with the wish they had been lucky enough to witness the same view. Still, even a photograph from the most powerful of today’s cameras may not have given the scene as much justice. This picture had thrilled audiences with its dual effects of sublime grandeur and reportorial detail for years now. The soaring peaks, expansive valleys.

Taxation Principles and Concepts (Taxation) Coursework

Taxation Principles and Concepts (Taxation) - Coursework Example A capital allowance refers to the amounts in cash that a business operating in the United Kingdom can deduct from the overall income tax on its profits or the corporate tax. The sources of these sums of money come from certain purchases as well as investments as outlined in the Capital Allowances Act of 2001 (Channer & Rogers 2007, p.xiv). A business or corporate organization can claim capital allowances on the costs of cars, vans and machines purchased for business use, or other assets in the business such as scaffolding, equipment, ladders, furniture, computers, and tools. In addition, a business can also claim capital allowances on the expenditures incurred on plant and machinery, as well as, on facilities and equipment used for research and development, and items that a business operator uses privately before using them commercially. Another capital deduction occurs on the premises used for the company to run its business, such as improving a property, and converting a space abov e a building for rental purposes. As for your case Tobby, you can claim capital allowances on the following items: computers, car, premises and rent for Tamara. The capital allowance on computers is ? 200, car as ? 2,700, premises at ? 12, 5000 and Tamara’s rent at ? 4,000. As such, the total capital allowance that Tobby can claim from the tax authority is ? 19,400 (Dunn & Rogers 2008, p.664). The taxable profits of Lewis include all the expenses as well as the revenues generated by the company. The taxable profits include a deduction of all the expenses that are incurred in the business. These include the rates at 1,500, telephone charges for business calls only at 1,000, light and heat for the whole property at 3,000, NIC contribution for himself at 1,000, wage expenses for lily at 20,000 and for himself at 25,000. The other expenses also included in the expenditure of the company are car-running costs at 6000, depreciation expense on the cars at 4,000, loan repayment costs at 3,500, interests on loans at 5,000, insurance charges at 1,800, advertisement expenses at 1,500. The other additional expenses recorded in the business include parking fines at 1,000, gift aid donations at 1000, membership at a sports club for 900, and donations for lewisham hospital at 1000. He further needs to add an additional expense of wages, which he pays to Tamara at 20000 for the part time job she performs at his corporation. This totals all the business expense to ? 77,200 (Gabay, et al. 2007, p.180). This total expenditure by the business of ? 77,200 shows that the business in incurring a lot of expenses which in turn reduce its level of profitability. In order to calculate the profitability of the firm, this includes a deduction of the expenses from the revenues or incomes made or generated by the firm. The general income made by the business from its business processes and activities is ? 90,102, and a subtraction of the two provides the business profits at ? 12,102. This is the general profit, which is subjected to taxation as the income made by the business during the fiscal year under operation. As such, the profitability of the company for the year ended 31 July 2013 was ? 12,102. The projected assessable profits for the business in the fiscal year ending 2013/2014 were ? 12,102 plus the deductible allowances for the business (Gupta 2003, p.67). The best way to set an accounting year is to position it in line with the financial year of her majesty’

An interest group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An interest group - Essay Example    ?Are you going to be only focused on a particular state or are you going to be nationwide?   ?Are you going to focus on pursuing your agenda in the courts or in the legislatures?   ?What are the top-3 things that you want to get accomplished?   ?How are you going to make sure that you stay in existence?   ?Who is your biggest competitor?   ?Are you going to primarily rely on inside lobbying or outside lobbying?   ?Which party's candidates are you going to target more? Or will you target candidates from both parties? Or will you stay out of elections?   Mechanics:   The name of my interest group is FEI, freedom entrepreneur’s intellect. Our group is composed of all classes who want to reform the current economic system we currently live in. In essence, the group is committed to fight against poverty; corruption and unnecessary spending that plague the system. In addition, this group is dedicated to go against Iraq war and use that spending to allocate on im portant needs such as Medicare, FAFSA, and social security. Other issues such as gay marriages, abortion, gene cloning are also the fore front of the issues that our party will address. From our research, it makes more sense if we expand our horizons nationwide. It enables us to gain a better leverage in political situations. In addition, we can attract more people towards our cause from every demographic. Going nationwide will enables us to have a better sense of what reforms the country desires and enables us to be in the public sphere. The first thing we want to address is the economic reform that is plaguing the nation. Unemployment has spurted from all states and has left millions of Americans jobless. Hence, propagating this issue will be the first priority. The second element that we will tackle as a group is the idea of Medicare and Social Security. As the baby boomers continue to grow older, the funds allocated for both Medicare and Social Security are being depleted. In es sence, the young generation has no resources that are being allocated for their cause, which is illogical and unjust since they are picking up the burden of paying taxes. Lastly, this group will be persistent on removing troops from Iraq. Undoubtedly, the Iraq was has been a huge expense upon the lives of Americans not only through casualties but emotionally and financially. It is critical that the upcoming president acknowledges this issue and tries to remove troops as soon as possible. Lastly, we also want to shed the light on the fact that we owe millions of dollars to China. American foreign relations with China have been on a downward spiral. The US cannot afford to owe huge amounts of China and lost its position as a supreme world power. Organizing and mobilizing group undoubtedly requires time, effort, and patience. Since I have a strong commerce background, I have learned the idea of viral marketing. Although this is not a product, we as a group feel that these issues are im portant and can attract any demographics. Our main goal is to attract young individuals who have energy, motivation and voting power. We also want to attract the lower class, the immigrants, who are striving to earn their rights in this country. Politics and social networking is dramatic in many ways. The twenty-first century highlights the modern day of technology in which networking has become a vital component towards propagating for their position. The advent of social network without a doubt has made a critical impact towards enhancing or

The Man in the Iron Mask Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Man in the Iron Mask - Movie Review Example Both the book and the film have many points of similarity but there are also various scenes in the movie which are completely in contrast to how they are presented in the book. One of the differences between the book and the film is the heavy fictionalization of the characters in the film as compared to the book. However, in the book, the characters are presented as real people, not fictional characters. Even if they are fictional, their lives are based on real life therefore the reader feels like he is experiencing something that might actually have happened. In the film however, one cannot really feel what the characters are supposed to be feeling because they are all over-fictionalized. Another inconsistent with Duma’s books pertains to the death of d’Artagnan. In the Book Vicomte de Bragelonne, d’Artagnan dies some ten years later after the events presented in The Man in the Iron Mask. His death was actually caused by wounds he suffered while at battle in Maa stricht. In the movie however, d’Artagnan dies as he tries to stop King Louis from Killing Philippe. The film also implies that d’Artagnan had been the father of King Louis and Philippe through his association with Anne of Austria. Duma’s work does not indicate anywhere that D’Artagnan and Anne had any relations whatsoever. ... es made in the movie are also necessary as they help the viewer to understand more of King Louis’ character and his role in the conspiracy against his own twin brother. The changes have therefore enabled the audience to relate to the chatcater sand story line much easier. Leonardo DiCaprio plays as The Man in the iron Mask, Philippe and King Louis, the man’s twin bother. The role of the Captain of the Musketeers, d’Artagnan is played by Ganriel Byrne. John Malkovich, Gerard Depardieu and Jeremy irons star as the three Musketeers: Athos, Porthos and Aramis respectively. When Dumas was writing the story, he wanted to reflect a situation that was real then. That is, he wanted to present a situation that was relevant during his own time. The historical aspect of the book is therefore critical to the understanding of the events that occur in the story. The movie does not really dwell much into the historical aspect of its story line. It seems that the main aim of the producers is to use the characters to stir up emotions that the audience can identify with. For the sake of the audience, the producer does well in changing some aspects of the film. At this point in time, most people already know the history if 17th century France during which time the book was written. Therefore the changes did nothing to change how people perceive that history, however, the changes did have an impact in the way people related to the film. A new ending gave a new meaning to the whole story. D’Artagnan comes out as the tragic hero at the end of the movie, while in the book, it is not so clear what his role was. It is thorugh the changes made by the producers that the audience gets to know who really is behind the iron mask and his relation to the King and d’Artagnan. The various

12 Steps to Recovery Essay Example for Free

12 Steps to Recovery Essay Addiction of any substance is an extremely difficult thing to accept. When we finally realize that We have a problem it is up us to admit it. Once we have accepted that we are addicted we have made the first and most important step to recovery. We learn that once recovery is what we want in our lives there are steps to take these steps is to mean we are ready to completely give yourself to a higher power. This higher power can be anything or anyone we want it to be, whether it be God or someone we can really trust and depend on. There are 12 steps to recovery that will help us stay clean and help us be successful in staying in recovery. This we call the â€Å"12 Step Program. † The first step to recovery is we admit we’re powerless over our addiction and our lives have become unmanageable. This means admitting weeven have an addiction problem. By saying your life has become unmanageable states that we don‘t want to continue living your life the way have been during your addiction. Our addiction has taken over our life, and admitting that we’re an addict helps us take responsibility for our actions instead of blaming others as we did before. The second step is we have come to believe that a power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity as we knew it. See more:  The Story of an Hour Literary Analysis Essay For most of us our higher power is god. We would give everything to our higher power and ask him for forgiveness. We then would recite the Serenity Prayer to help us. The Serenity Prayer is â€Å"God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference! † This is a very powerful prayer as I feel today. The third step is that we’ve made the decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understand and know him. We allow him to guide us through the recovery process we are going through. He lets us know that we are not alone in this, and we will never be alone again as long as we have him in our lives. The fourth step is making a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves. We look inside ourselves to find out what our morals are and to figure out what we believe in. We figure out what we stand for and learn what we think is right and wrong in life. In this step you must become brutally honest with yourself knowing that there’s nothing we can do to change the past. This does not mean you are a bad person but that you have made some bad decisions in our lives, that we as human beings are not perfect. The fifth step is when we have admitted to God, ourselves, and another human being the exact natures of our wrongs we have done during our addiction. Completing this step gets the monkey off your back pursay. More than most people the addict lead a double life. This means we are only showing what we want people to see. Not being honest and showing our true colors. We still continued to lie and expected to be able to stay clean. Through this step we learned that this is not possible in order to stay clean and live a honest life through recovery. Those of us that belong to religious sanctuaries can confide in the proper person of that faith . Others that are not religious may find someone they can confide in such as a doctor or therapist. Someone that we can trust to keep what has been said in confidence. We cannot disclose anything to our family because we are not allowed to say things to them that will make them unhappy. We cannot save our own skins by making someone else unhappy. By doing so our fears come closer and we begin to realize that our life is opening up and showing what our life was really about . This is the scariest thing we will do. And the hardest step to complete out of all 12 of them. The sixth step is when we ask God to remove these defects of character. Which in turn means we surrender our whole self to God? When we are ready, we say to him something like this: â€Å"My Creator, I am now willing that you should have all of me, good and bad. I pray that you now remove from me every single defect of character which stands in the way of my usefulness to you and my fellows. Grant me strength, as I go out from here, to do your bidding. Amen† The seventh step we become willing to ask God to help us to remove all of our shortcomings. This is not a long step and like I said previously it’s not one of the hardest steps to do during recovery.

How is the national and international tourism helping Spain overcome Essay Example for Free

How is the national and international tourism helping Spain overcome Essay Spain is one of the countries in the world that has been severely affected by the global economic crisis originated in 2008. It is the country with the greatest number of unemployed citizens in all Europe. Its rate of unemployment reached an all time high of 26. 9% in May 2013. The European Union is worried about this situation, and has therefore forced the Spanish Government to apply some strict cut backs to their economy in order to decrease its high public deficit. These measures are mostly affecting public labor force, who realized they dont have sufficient income to last them through the month. In addition, college students, mainly those who study architecture, engineering and medicine, have realized that there is not a promising professional career that can be developed in Spain. Since the beginning of the economic crisis, more than 300,000 young Spanish citizens have left the country in order to find a job in markets overseas. All these negative aspects of the countrys critical situation are bringing Spain forward to be a candidate of receiving a bailout from the European Union. Despite being in this delicate position, it is not all about negative figures in Spain. There is one sector of the Spanish economy that is helping the country to come back on track: tourism. The purpose of this report is to find out how tourism is helping Spain to recover from the economic decline. I have divided the findings into two sections: First, I will explain the importance of tourism in Spain. Second, I will describe the general changes in both international and national tourism, without analyzing the monetary effects in the economy. Third, I will provide information about the economical consequences that these changes are having in the reactivation of the Spanish economy. Findings 1- Importance of Tourism in the Spanish Economy Spain, behind France, the United States and China, is one of the top world destinations to go on vacation. Its 7,876 kilometers of beautiful beaches, pleasant weather and 44 world heritage monuments, position the country as the 4th country in the world to receive the highest number of international tourists. In terms of revenues, the country is ranked in second position right after the United States (Butler, 2013). According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), tourism represented a total contribution of 15. 2 % of Spains Gross Domestic Product in 2012. In other developed countries, such as the United States, France and China, tourism represented a 8. 6%, 9. 7% and 9. 3% of their respective 2012 GDP (2013). This shows that, despite receiving more tourists than Spain, these countries economic lives are less affected and determined by the changes that might take place in the tourism sector. The Government of Spain knows how crucial tourism is for the performance of the countrys economy and gives this sector high importance. As a touristic oriented country, Spain has 47 airports, 2,000 km of commuter rail trains and 2,900 km of high-speed rail network (Butler, 2013). These elements make Spain one of the countries with the best transportation system in the world. This advantage of Spain facilitates the arrival of international tourists and the transportation of national tourists all over the country. In addition, as I mentioned before, one of Spains biggest problems is its increasing rate of unemployment. The WTTC published that travel and tourism directly supported 894,000 jobs in Spain. This means that 5. 2% of workers were related to this specific sector of the economy (2013). All the figures I just pointed out reflect the positive and remarkable impact of tourism in Spain’s economy. Now, I am going to present some more detailed information about the changes in the national and international tourism, and the consequences of these changes relating them to the fact that tourism is the main force that is helping Spain to overcome this fragile situation. 2- Changes in Tourism in Spain Since the beginning of the global economic crisis, tourism in Spain has changed in many ways. Not only has it influenced the amount of foreigners visits to Spain, but it has also affected the domestic conception of going on vacation. Changes in International Tourism As I said in the Introduction, Spain received more than 57 million tourists during 2012, which means it had a year-over-year growth of 2. 7%. The countries that contributed the most to this growth are France, Germany and Russia. In addition, some Nordic and Asiatic countries also collaborated on it (Institute of Touristic Studies of Spain [ITE], 2013). The main positive elements of the Spanish economy come from the foreign sector. It is important to point out that the total nights international tourists stayed in Spain increased by 2. 3% in 2012. Looking at the low rates of unemployment in France, Germany, United Kingdom and Russia, it can be deduced that these countries are performing economically better than Spain. This means that foreigners, who have not been as affected as the Spaniards by the economic crisis, have enough income and are willing to go on vacation outside of their home countries. The Institute of Touristic Studies from Spain, assures that Spanish tourism has become more competitive in the last few years. By analyzing the changes in prices and the value of the currency compared to other countries, this Institute has used the Competitiveness Trend in Tourism Ratio to measure the performance of the country. It has arrived to the conclusion that, due to the low prices compared with other countries from the European Union, Spain has achieved a beneficial position to attract international tourists to the country (2013). Changes in National Tourism As well as the international, national tourism has experienced many changes during the past few years. National tourism in Spain closed the year 2012 with 158,9 millions domestic trips. It is important to highlight that 9 out of 10 of Spanish citizens trips were effectuated inside the country. Due to the difficult economic situation that many Spaniards are experiencing, travelling to other countries decreased by 4. 8% in 2012 (ITE, 2013). This new setting where saving money is the main concern for Spanish citizens, has helped new forms of travelling to arise in the Spanish touristic sector. Even thought Spain has always been seen as a sun and beach destination, Antonio Villanueva Cuevas, Doctor at the Castilla-La Mancha University, explains that news forms of travelling such as rural, cultural and natural tourism are becoming popular between Spaniards that are looking to travel with minimum expenses (2012). In addition, those who still prefer going to the beach have found their way to get cheap options by either going during low season or taking last minute deals. 3- How are These Changes Having a Positive Impact in the Spanish Economy? Since tourism in Spain represents a large part of its Gross Domestic Product, this sector of the economy will have a considerable impact on the countrys economy performance. The growths of international and national tourism have helped the country to stay economically alive (Barreira, 2013). Positive Impact from International Tourism In relation to the international tourism, Spain is the 4th country in the world to receive the highest number of tourists. More than 57 million tourists visited Spain in 2012. Moreover, there was a high new record of 56 billion Euros reached in spent by international tourists in Spain. The growth of the number of international tourists that visited Spain in 2012 helped the countrys economy by contributing â‚ ¬57. 1 billion to the GDP (ITE, 2013). Even though Spains GDP fell by 1. 3% in 2012, the growth of the international tourism made the GDP experience a shorter descent. Another positive impact of the international tourism is the fact that the number of workers hired in the tourism sector increased by 0. 6% in 2012 (World Travel and Tourism Council [WTTC], 2013). It might be seen as an insignificant growth, but, taking into account that the general rate of unemployment increased to 26% in 2013, any contribution has an important meaning for the reactivation of the countrys economy. International tourism also caused the growth of capital investment by 7. 4% to â‚ ¬14. 8 billion in 2012 (WTTC, 2013). In addition, the fact that prices in Spain are low compared to other countries in the European Union, makes Spain more attractive to receive investments and be chosen as a holiday destination. All these positive consequences of the international tourism in the Spanish economy are helping the country to achieve the goal of not seeing Spain as a burden for the European Union. The recuperation of the countrys economy will be determined by the growth of GDP, decrease of unemployment rate and increase in foreign investments in the country. All these aspects are represented by the good performance of Spains international tourism. Positive Impact from National Tourism Even though national tourism has not shown as many positive figures as the international one, it is helping the country to improve economically. As I explained before, a large number of Spaniards cant afford to travel to another country during vacation. They decide to stay in the country, and look for new cheap ways of travelling. Spaniards are starting to purchase last minute deals, and to travel during low season periods. Even thought the number of national trips decreased by 1. 2% in 2012, Spain registered a growth of 22% in national tourism from 2008 to 2012 from 130 to 158. 9 million national trips (ITE, 2013). It can be deduced from this, that national tourism has had an overall positive performance during the Spanish recession. The fact that Spaniards choose national rather than international destinations makes them invest money in their own countrys economy. Moreover, even thought national tourism slightly decreased in 2012, new sectors of the Spanish national tourism have showed positive figures during the last few years. Juan Pulido and Pablo Garcia, members of the economics department at University of Jaen in Spain, explain that the rural sector of the Spanish national tourism has increased by 7. 5% in the last 10 years. Since Spaniards dont want to spend too much money during vacation, they decide to stay in the country and look for new attractions. Spaniards spent a total of â‚ ¬18,046 million in rural destinations during 2011 (2011). Rural tourism is affecting positively the economy by activating some unusual tourism destinations, and giving them the opportunity to create a new emerging business in Spain. The increasing importance of this new way of tourism creates jobs and activates the economy of certain domestic areas. These new ways of doing tourism are making Spaniards stay in their country during their holidays, invest money in the national market, and contribute to the reactivation of the countrys economy. Key Points Spain is one of the countries that have been affected the most by the global economic crisis originated in 2008. However, there are several facts that explain how tourism is helping Spain to overcome this situation: Tourism represented a total contribution of 15. 2 % of Spains Gross Domestic Product in 2012. Tourism has a great impact in the performance of the Spanish economy. Spain has received more than 57 million international tourists during 2012, which mean it had a year-over-year growth of 2. 7%. There was a high new record of 56 billion Euros reached in spent by these international tourists that visited Spain in 2012. The number of workers hired in the Spanish tourism sector increased by 0. 6% in 2012. International tourism has also caused the growth of capital investment by 7. 4% to â‚ ¬14. 8 billion in Spain during 2012. Spain registered a growth of 22% in national tourism from 2008 to 2012, from 130 to 158. 9 million national trips. The fact that Spaniards are choosing national rather than international destinations makes Spaniards invest more money in the domestic economy. The rural sector of the Spanish national tourism has increased by 7. 5% in the last 10 years. This has created a new sector of tourism that creates jobs and gives opportunities to local areas to develop an emerging business. Conclusion The overall situation is perfectly described in an article written by Victor Barreira (2013), a journalist who works for El Pais, the most sold newspaper in Spain, which says: The national GDP fell by 1. 3% in 2012, unemployment raised to 26%, the bailout petition to the European Union was still active however, tourism is staying as a life-jacket to which Spain can keep held in order to ride out of the storm. It points out that the economic situation of Spain has affected the country in an extremely negative way. However, tourism has been the most important sector of the economy that has shown positive figures and has helped the country to better deal with the economic situation. It is important for the Spanish Government to keep working on the improvement of the countrys touristic attractions and promote Spain as a holiday destination. References Barreira, V. (2013, January 16). Espana registro en 2012 el tercer mejor ano de la historia en llegada de turistas [Spain registered in 2012 the third best year in history in arrival of tourists]. El Pais. Butler, M. (2013, February 27). Spain as an international tourist destination [Electronic version]. Atlas of the brands. Institute of Touristic Studies of Spain. (2013). Balance del turismo ano 2012 [Tourism balance year 2012]. Retrieved October 13, 2013, from www. iet. tourspain. es Pulido, P. , Cardenas,P. (2011). El Turismo rural en Espana [The rural Tourism in Spain]. Asociacion de Geografos Espanoles. Villanueva, A. (2012). Las nuevas formas de turismo como instrumento para lograr un desarrollo sostenible e integrador [The new forms of tourism as a tool to reach a sostenible and integrative development]. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. World Travel and Tourism Council. (2013). Travel and Tourism, the economic impact 2013 in Spain. Scowsill, D.

Determination of Unknown Salt Experiment

Determination of Unknown Salt Experiment Siar Azizi Introduction: Cold packs or medical cold packs are made and used in a variety of different ways. Cold packs are typically used in regards of medical treatment. Many athletes used cold packs to heal from any injuries. Furthermore, cold packs are used to keep medications cool for a given period, such medications include vaccinations. Cold packs contain a liquid inside, in most cases its water. In addition the water is mixed with a salt, which allows the cold pack to stay cool. The mixture that occurs between the salt and the water causes an endothermic reaction, which means that heat is absorbed. Due to the heat absorption, the temperature of the solution will decrease substantially. The cold pack experiment lab allowed us, the students, to apply theories learned in class to actual real life experiments; such experiments prepare us for future tasks the will be put forth to determine. Our main trajectory through this assignment was to determine what our unknown salt was, through experimental analysis. The main purpose of this lab was for us to determine what the given unknown salt is. For this experiment, my group and I were given unknown salt 7. Information recognized before starting the lab, were the materials needed, background information on the math required to determine the unknown(s). In addition, other background sources before starting the experiment included having previous knowledge of chemical formulas, understanding concepts learned throughout class and how a calorimetry works. Furthermore in order to determine how to complete the lab, we needed information upon how to properly keep the temperature of the water from decreasing or increasing, and this required that we needed to know what an insulator is and how to use it. To base a conclusion on what the unknown variables are, we needed to determine how to start and complete this experiment. To being with, we completed this activity by taking two of the three foam cups and placing them into each other. The foam cup inside the other cup will hold our water, while the other acts as an insulator, to prevent heat from escaping. Secondly, we used a graduated cylinder and measured 25.0-ml of water into it and put the water into the cup. After that we place the third cup, over the other two (acts like a cover) and put the thermometer through the top of the cup (This helps us determine the temperature of the water). Lastly, we measured the 3.0grams of our unknown salt and placed that into the water, letting it dissolve, and measured the temperature. The theories that needed to be taken into account for to help complete the lab, includes determine the heat capacity, q=mcà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T. Other theories that we will also need to take into account for include, determine enthalpy, determining the change in temperature, and determining the percentage yield. In order to determine the enthalpy, the equation needed to be used is à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H=-q. The equation used to determine change in temperature and percentage yield are, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T= T1 – T2 and Percent error= Theoretical yield-Actual yield x100. Theoretical As you read on, every equation will be examined and explained on what they mean and how they will be used. Brain, Marshall , and Sara Elliot. How Refrigerators Work.HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. Materials: The materials required in order completing the lab included goggles/eye wear; this will help prevent any type of harmful substances that we worked with from damaging your eyes. Three Styrofoam cups, the cups helps make an insulator and create the calorimeter. The thermometer was required in order to determine the temperature of both the water and the unknown salt. A weighing boat was also another source of material needed, in order to place 3.0grams of our salt. In addition, a scoopula and a scale were needed to help us determine the exact measurements of the unknown salt needed. Water was required to dissolve our salt into and measure the temperature of. A 100ml graduated cylinder was used to determine the accurate quantity of water required. Our unknown salt was another source of material given by our teacher, and this allowed us to complete the experiment. Other materials needed in order to complete the lab included paper towels. Procedure: In order to determine what our unknown salt is, we needed to make a guideline of the steps required to determine it. The procedure of our lab is: Gather all equipment/ materials to start procedure. Weigh the weighing boat, record the weight. Place 3.0 grams of our unknown salt 7 Take two of the three foam cups and place them within each other to create an insulator from preventing heat to escape or cold air from entering. Take the 100-mL graduated cylinder and measure 25.0mL of water. Take the 25mL of water and place it in the two foam cups Cut the third Styrofoam cup to fit the top of the first two cups. Make a hole, place thermometer in the calorimeter Read the temperature of water record it. Remove thermometer, add 3.0grams of unknown salt into the calorimeter. Let the salt dissolve and determine the temperature, by placing the thermometer through the top of the third cup. Before measuring the temperature, shake the cup to insure the unknown salt reacted/ dissolved completely. Determine the temperature and record results. Dispose of waste, clean the equipment and restart for the remaining two trials. Observations and Results: Before beginning the calculations for the lab, we need to determine what possible equation we will have to use. Equations: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T= T2 – T1 The equation above is the change in temperature, represented by delta (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  ), which is the second temperature recorded subtracted by the first temperature recorded (T2 – T1). Q=mcà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T The equation above allows us to determine the q, which is the quantity of heat transferred, which equals the mass (m), multiplied by the specific heat capacity (c), and multiplied by the change in temperature (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T=T2 – T1 ). à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H=-q The equation above allows us to solve for the à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H system. Once we determined the quantity of heat transferred, by using the equation q=mcà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T, we can determine delta h by either replacing the q with mcà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T, or place the result of q in the equation. Average Enthalpy= Trail 1+Trail 2+Trail 3 3 The equation above gives us the average enthalpy for the number of trails that was conducted by our group. We add up all the Enthalpy of all trials and divide it by 3, to give the average. Percent error= Theoretical yield-Actual yield x100 Theoretical This equation allows us to determine the percentage error of our results. After calculating for our enthalpy, we can take the theoretical yield, found on page 347, table 1 in our textbook, we can subtract is by the actual yield. After determining the value of that, we divide it by the theoretical value and multiply it all by 100%. With the recording of all our data obtained from doing the experiment, we were able to form a chart for all three procedures and mathematically determine what the unknown salt was. Weighing Boat=1.81 Grams Temperature of water and unknown salt obtained from three trails Table 1: Temperature results and Change in temperature of water through three trails. From this chart above, we can see that we completed three trails to determine the exact value of the unknown salt, and to determine what the unknown salt is. In addition, we recorded our temperatures of the water before the salt was added (T1) and after the salt was added (T2). From that point we calculated the change in the temperature for each trail, with the equation, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H=T2 – T1. Heat capacity and enthalpy of unknown salt for three trials Table 2: Enthalpy and heat capacity of unknown salt 7 for three trials. The chart above shows the heat capacity and enthalpy of the unknown salt from three different tests conducted. We determined the heat capacity using the equation q=mcà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T and the enthalpy using mà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H=q. The calculations for determine the results are shown below: Calculations: Note: 1mL is 1 gram. (M=dV, mass= density (1.00grams/mL) x volume (mL)) Trail 1: Q=mcà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T mà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H=-(q) Q= (25g) (4.18J/goC) (-8oC) (3.00g) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H=-(-0.836KJ) Q= -836J à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H=0.836KJ/3.00g à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H=0.279KJ/g Trail 2: Q=mcà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T mà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H=-(q) Q= (25g) (4.18J/goC) (-7oC) (3.00g) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H=-(-0.7315KJ) Q= -731.5J à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H=0.7315JK/3.00g Q= -0.7315KJ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H=0.2438KJ/g Trail 3: Q=mcà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Tmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H=-(q) Q= (25g) (4.18J/goC) (-7oC) (3.00g) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H=-(-0.7315KJ) Q=-731.5J à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H=0.7315KJ/3.00g Q=-0.7315KJ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H=0.2438KJ/g Average Enthalpy: Avg Enthalpy= Trail 1+ Trail 2+ Trail 3 3 Avg Enthalpy= (0.279KJ/g) (0.2438KJ/g) (0.2438KJ/g) 3 Avg Enthalpy= 0.256KJ/g After determining our average enthalpy, we can determine what compound it is. Going into our textbook, onto page 347 and taking a look at table 1, we are given a list of compounds. The nearest compound our enthalpy is at is ammonium chloride. Ammonium chloride has an enthalpy of 0.277kj/g and we got an enthalpy of 0.256kj/g. using our knowledge based on rounding, we rounded up and made a conclusion stating that our compound was in fact ammonium chloride. Percentage Yield: Percent error= Theoretical yield-Actual yield x100 Theoretical Percent error= 0.277KJ/g – 0.256KJ/gx100 0.277KJ/g Percent error= 7.58% Therefore, the percentage error of our results was 7.58% Discussion: Throughout the cold pack experiment not all our results were accurate. Our results weren’t as accurate because we stumbled upon some errors while completing the lab. One error that we encountered while completing this experiment and one that had an impact on our final results was the way our calorimeter was created. Through the experiment we were to assume that the calorimeter would create an isolated and insulated system, but in truth it didn’t. As we proceeded through the experiment of putting the water into our calorimeter, there was a possible moment when there was a transfer of heat in between the Styrofoam cups and the solution, in our case unknown salt 7. The stage when there may have been a transfer of heat, was not taken into account and this could of have caused an increase or a decrease in the temperature of our solution. As we already know that the reaction was endothermic and since it’s endothermic the solution absorbed the heat, from the cups and re action. Such an error would cause a change in the temperatures of our solution to either increase or decrease. The result of this error had a medium impact on our final results. This was a medium impact because it not only affected our solution, but also the measurements we took. Resolutions to possibly prevent this error from occurring includes, taking account that the temperature may increase or decrease due to that fact it isn’t an actual isolated system. Another solution can include using different materials that would insulate the solution better. Our second source of error was taking the measurements of the water and measuring the accurate temperature of the water. When taking the measurements of the temperature of both the water and solution, there could have been an error from what we saw and what we wrote. Furthermore, since we don’t know whether the thermometer was actually inside the water, it could have not been touching it which in turn gave us the wrong results. An example could include is when taking the temperature of the water, the thermometer could have read 22oC and we could have seen it as 23oC or24oC. The result of this error had a medium effect on our data and due to this effect, our enthalpy wasn’t as accurate, and didn’t exactly match the ones in the textbook. When measuring the amount of water required dispensing in the calorimeter we need to use a graduated cylinder for accurate measurements. The cylinder was to give us the accurate measurement of whether we had exactly 25ml of water o r not. The error in this measurement was for us to check with if it was exactly 25ml, and this may have resulted in either something less than 25ml or more than 25ml. The impact the source of error had on our final result was medium. The impact was medium because even though it did affect our final results, it didn’t affect it by a lot. It hadn’t affected our results by a large quantity because the difference between the solution we were supposed to get and the one we had, had a small margin of differences. The last source of error, that we hadn’t taken account for throughout the process of completing the experimental lab, may have had an impact on our final results. This error that affected our results was the fact that our unknown salt 7, was exposed to air for a periodic time. Due to a fact that the salt was exposed to air, it may have resulted in some of the salt reacting with the atmosphere. Due to this error, our results could have been incorrect because when massing the 3.0 grams, it could have reacted with the atmosphere, giving us 0.10 off, such as 2.90grams. This may not affect the results by a lot, but there would still be an effect on it. Another example of our results being affected by this includes that since some of our unknown salt reacted, when we measured the temperature it could have actually been either lower or higher than what we actually expected. For example, if the salt wasn’t exposed to the atmosphere we could have got a temperature of 18oC, but i nstead due to the fact it was exposed we got 20oC. The affect this had on our results and solution is a medium result. This is a medium result because if some of the unknown salt reacted, it would have been in such a small quantity, that it wouldn’t have a large effect on our results. Possible solutions from stopping this problem from occurring includes, either keeping the salt in an isolated room, put a tad more of the unknown salt in the water, just to counter act for the ones that reacted. In the mixed of completing the lab, we stumbled upon a mistake with determining the unknown salt. The mistake had an impact on final answer and wasn’t taken into account that it may possible have an effect on our final solution. The mistake that may have been encountered includes that our unknown source of salt, when added into the water, may have not dissolved properly. This resulted in the reaction not taking place to dissolve the entire product, which may have affected the temperature that was measured. Due to the fact that the salt wasn’t dissolved and it didn’t participate in the reaction, the temperature we may have taken could have been only the waters temperature. This source of error had a large effect on our solution because we had no way of determining whether it dissolved or not, without tampering the solution. Furthermore, due to the fact of the error, we may have been given the wrong temperature of the solution that in turn gave us the incorrect res ults for the enthalpy. In accordance, not only will we have been given the incorrect enthalpy, but the results were affected as well. In order to prevent this source of error from occurring again, what I could do is, while the unknown salt is in the water, I could stir it to dissolve properly; another method can include is to shake the calorimeter to dissolve the salt. When shaking it, I would hold it from the top to prevent heat transfer from my hand and the water. Diagram 1: From the diagram we can see the calorimeter being constructed and the final result is over on the right. I would hold the middle of the calorimeter and spin it around to better dissolve the unknown salt. DoChem 095 Heat of Solution of Magnesium.DoChem 095 Heat of Solution of Magnesium. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. Conclusion: In conclusion, this experiment allowed us, the students, to use theories learned in class to real life applications, or real life applications that we will soon encounter. The lab better prepared us for what may be expected in the future, and allowed us to determine different factors that affected our results in more than one possible way. The cold pack experiment lab that was conducted by my group and I, had resulted in us facing errors such as measurement errors, errors including the calorimeter and errors including our unknown salt. These errors were recorded and explained to better help us prevent it from occurring again. By following the correct procedure and having the correct materials required, we were able to determine the final enthalpy. That allowed us to determine what our unknown salt was, which was ammonium chloride. Bibliography: DoChem 095 Heat of Solution of Magnesium.DoChem 095 Heat of Solution of Magnesium. N.P., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. Brain, Marshall , and Sara Elliot. How Refrigerators Work.HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. Kessel, Hans Van. The Bohr Atomic Theory.Nelson Chemistry 12. Toronto: Thomson Nelson, 2003. 174-76. Print.

Free Candide Essays: The Search for Truth :: Candide essays

The Search for Truth in Candide Voltaire's Candide is a novel which contains conceptual ideas and at the same time is also exaggerated. Voltaire offers sad themes disguised by jokes and witticism, and the story itself presents a distinctive outlook on life. The crucial contrast in the story deals with irrational ideas as taught to Candide about being optimistic, versus reality as viewed by the rest of the world. The main theme which is presented throughout the novel is optimism. Out of every unfortunate situation in the story, Candide, the main character, has been advised by his philosopher-teacher that everything in the world happens for the better, because "Private misfortunes contribute to the general good, so that the more private misfortunes there are, the more we find that all is well" (Voltaire, p. 31). Pangloss, the philosopher, tries to defend his theories by determining the positive from the negative situations and by showing that misfortunes bring some privileges. As Candide grows up, whenever something unfortunate happens, Pangloss would turn the situation around, bringing out the good in it. Candide learns that optimism is "The passion for maintaining that all is right when all goes wrong " (Voltaire, p.86). According to Rene Pomeau, "Voltaire-Candide...have made him [Candide] acquainted with the bad and the good side of human existence. The moral of Candide is born out of its style; it is the art of extracting happiness from the desolate hopping-about of the human insect" (Adams; Pomeau p.137). Pomeau explains that Candide shows both sides of humanity; how both great and terrible events are standard in a human life. Also according to Pomeau, the whole point of the story is to debate between good and bad; for example, as Candide becomes more independent, he starts to doubt that only good comes out of life. Pangloss is a very hopeful character in the story because he refuses to accept bad. He is also somewhat naive and believes that he could make the world a better place by spreading his theories on optimism. When Candide had met up with Pangloss after a long period of time, Pangloss said that he was almost hanged, then dissected, then beaten. Candide asked the philosopher if he still thought that everything was for the better, and Pangloss replied that he still held his original views. No matter how little Pangloss believed in the fact that somehow everything would turn out well, he still maintained his original views.

Layout Design :: essays research papers

Deciding Layouts Deciding the layout is a very important step in Java GUI programming, just like solving an algorithm in normal programming. Layout decides how the components like labels, buttons, text fields etc are going to be displayed on a frame or window. Some GUI can be designed using single panel with a single simple layout. Some GUI need to be broken down into smaller panels which have to be added to an outer panel. Each smaller panel can have its own layout. The simplest layout is the flow layout. Flow layout produces output as a single row. So go for flow layout if you have only 3 or lesser components or if you want all the components in a single row. Next is grid layout. As long as you can determine the rows and columns, you can use this layout. It is possible to use grid layout for most of the applications which you want to develop with a single panel. You can always use filler labels to occupy the empty spaces. So grid layout works fine in such cases. But if you want to have a very neat GUI with very good layout, you need to go for more than 1 panel. In that case, grid, flow, and border are all used together. The development of a GUI depends on the type of problem. There are 2 types of GUI problems: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Problems which just specify that you need to do certain things. In this case, the layout of GUI is totally in your hands. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Problems where you are given a rough drawing on how GUI needs to look. Type 1: In case 1, you need to start with a paper and pencil. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read the problem and identify what needs to be displayed to the user -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depending on that, draw a simple diagram on how you want your GUI to look -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then start deciding on the layout For example, consider the problem below: Write a GUI java program that takes 2 numbers from the user, adds them, and displays the sum. Solution: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For this, you need 2 text fields to read 2 inputs. 2 labels to tell what to enter in the text fields. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 button to initiate calculation. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 text field to display result, and 1 label to address the text field. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rough diagram will be 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the above diagram, if you are going to use a single panel, then grid layout is the best choice. To decide the layout, dissect the diagram as shown below.

Major Depressive Disorder: Theories and Therapies Essay

1. Major Depressive Disorder Definition and Symptoms Major Depressive Disorder may be diagnosed as one or more episodes of a Major Depressive Episode. Symptoms of a major depressive episode include depressed mood, diminished interest or pleasure in activities, weight changes, sleep problems, slowing of speech or agitation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness and/or guilt, difficulties in thinking, concentrating, or indecisiveness, and thoughts of death, suicide, or suicide attempts. These symptoms are not due to another medical or psychological reason, and they cause clinically significant distress or functional impairment. 4th ed. , text rev. ; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) The cause of depression is not completely understood. It is, most likely, a combination of reasons, which may include chemical imbalances in the brain, psychological, or environmental factors, and genetics. Severe life stressors, such as divorce, or job loss, often contribute to depression. In a twelve month period, 6. 7% of the U. S. population is depressed. Of those that are depressed, 30. 4% are severe, or 2. 0% of the total U. S. population. Lifetime prevalence in the U.  S. is 16. 5% of the population. (National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Prevalence) Women are 70% more likely than men to experience depression during their lifetime. (NIMH, Demographics) The National Institute of Mental Health also reports that Blacks are 40% less likely than Whites, to experience depression in their lifetime. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the total number of years a person may lose to illness, disability, or death. They have rated Unipolar Depression number one in diseases and disorders, with a loss of 10. years, well above heart disease and cancer. (NIMH, Leading Individual Diseases/Disorders) 2. Cognitive Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory of Major Depressive Disorder Cognitive Theory (CT) Early negative experiences are overgeneralized and become a part of one’s schema. The theory, developed by Beck, asserts that one’s negative and dysfunctional view of one’s self leads to depression. Thought distortions, such as absolute thinking, selective abstraction, and personalization, set one up for failure, and perpetuate the negative thinking, leading to depression. Maladaptive thinking and behavior may be learned or caused by inexperience. Symbolic Interaction Theory (SIT) A person gives meanings to objects, experiences, and to self. Social interaction with others helps to define those meanings. Symbols and meanings develop and change over time. Self-conception comes from one’s social interactions with other’s, and how one believes the other person perceives them. If a person believes others are looking at them and judging them negatively, self perception is negative. Depression is caused by negative thinking and perceptions. Etiology: Compare and Contrast In both Cognitive Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory, dysfunctional and negative thinking about self, form the basis for the depression. Both theories involve thoughts and feelings formed from internal and external stimuli. In both theories, beliefs are based on interpretations rather than reality. In CT, the depression is more self centered and self inflicted. It is more internally based and controlled, while SI depends more on negative external stimuli. Symbolic Interaction Theory adds the concept of interaction with others, while Cognitive Theory does not. Cognitive Theory suggests cognition and behavior are learned and built upon, while Symbolic Interaction Theory suggests thoughts and actions taking place in the present and are dynamic, changing according to the present experience. Dynamics: Compare and Contrast Cognitive Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory both assert that beliefs about self will strongly determine the way the individual behaves. CT and SIT both assert that people process external information and then apply it to themselves. Both involve irrational thinking. In both theories, the epressed person makes thought leaps, assumptions that are not supported. In Cognitive Theory, one may assume that because they had a negative experience in one situation, it will always be experienced the same way. In Symbolic Interaction Theory one may assume that an interaction with a person, or certain types of people will always be the same. CT may involve a situation the person experiences alone or with others, while SIT naturally would include interaction with others. Cognitive Theory of Depression builds and grows stronger with each negative experience, while Symbolic Interaction is more in the present. The negative and distorted thoughts of a depressed person are reactionary. c. Motivation for change: Compare and Contrast In Cognitive Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory, motivation for change would include the need for love, support, and interaction with others. We are social beings and need that interaction. Depression separates one from others because it becomes mentally and physically difficult to function. With that separation comes confirmation of the distorted, negative self beliefs. Ruminations drag the depressed person further away from truth (cognitive) and people (interaction). Major Depression is not an illness one can pull out of alone. Although it would be possible without professional help, it wouldn’t be possible without other people. There would be no purpose to change. In Cognitive Theory, motivation for change would include a positive self image and the ability to enjoy one’s life. Motivation for change in Symbolic Interaction Theory would include positive self image and enjoying one’s life, as well as rejoining society, and having a positive impact on others. 3. Major Depressive Disorder Interventions  According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) practice guidelines, acute phase treatment for patients with major depressive disorder may include pharmacotherapy, depression-focused psychotherapy, the combination of medications and psychotherapy, or other somatic therapies such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), or light therapy. The treatment chosen should depend on the severity of symptoms, other illnesses or stressors present, patient and doctor preference, and past treatment outcomes. In their study of depressed patients, Budd, James, & Hughes (2008) found that patients felt Cognitive Behavioral Therapy helped them more than any other therapy. Pharmacotherapy Antidepressant medication is generally the first treatment recommended for depression. Some of the first drugs used to treat depression were tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), such as Elavil. They affect the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin. They are used less often because of side effects. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), such as Narwal, were also used in early treatments for patients with treatment resistant depression. Because of food interactions and the need for dietary restrictions, these medications are also used less often. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as Prozac, work by increasing the amount of the neurotransmitter serotonin available to the brain. Seratonin and Norepinephrin reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as Effexor, increase the amount of serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmitters that can be used by the brain. Mirtazapine, a brand name is Remora, is a non-adrenegic and specific serotonergic antidepressant. Buproprion, found in the brand Wellbutrin, is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. All of these drugs may be used in the treatment of depression. (NIMH) Psychotherapy Psychotherapy, sometimes referred to as talk therapy, educates a patient about mental illness and provides tools, or strategies, to improve the patient’s mental health, as well as social functioning. There are several different types of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy for Major Depression is usually used in conjunction with medication. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Developed by Aaron Beck in the 1960’s, CBT helps the patient understand how thoughts can influence behavior. CBT helps a person focus on his or her current problems and how to solve them. The patient learns how to identify distorted or unhelpful thinking patterns, recognize and change inaccurate beliefs, relate to others in more positive ways, and change behaviors accordingly. (NIMH) Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) Interpersonal Psychotherapy was developed in the 1980’s, by Gerald Kerman and Myrna Weissman, to treat depression. (Markowitz & Weissman, 2012) Mood, and it’s relation to social circumstances, is examined, and the patient learns how to react positively to negative circumstances. It is time limited and has been proven to be an effective treatment for depression. (Markowitz & Weitzman, 2012) Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) Similar to CBT, Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy focuses on changing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems. The therapy was developed by Albert Ellis, Ph. D. , in 1955. Ellis asserts, â€Å"It is largely our thinking about events that leads to emotional and behavioral upset. Working with the present in mind, the patient is encouraged to look at the negative thinking that leads to negative emotions and behaviors†. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy was developed by Drs. Zindel Segal, Mark Williams, and John Teasdale. It is an eight-session program based on eastern spirituality. Developed for use in preventing depression relapse, it focuses on the patient’s awareness of personal thought patterns and emotions. Knowing the ruminations and self-critical thinking that precedes depression, the patient is taught how to divert the depression. (American Psychological Association) Somatic Therapies Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Electrodes are placed on specific areas of the brain that stimulate the brain continuously through a pulse generator implanted under the skin. A long term follow up study by Kennedy and his colleagues (2011), found social functioning and physical health continued to improve for up to six years after the treatment. The response rate was high at 60%, and the remission rate was 30%, based on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. (Kennedy et al. , 2011) Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation was first used in a study for treatment of depression in 1993, and approved by the FDA in 2008. The neural pathway, from the frontal cortex of the brain to the limbic area, is stimulated. This pathway is believed to be deficient in depressed patients. A pulsating, alternating magnetic field above the scalp sends an electric current through the brain. The electrical current flows to the cortex, depolarizing neurons, and sends signals to the limbic region. This procedure is preformed while the patient is awake. It produces minor twitches, has few side effects, and is non-invasive. The study I read showed a 65% improvement in symptoms. (George & Post, 2011) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, is usually used on treatment-resistant depression. A seizure is produced by an electrical shock to the brain. This shock changes the chemical balance in the brain. A patient generally has several procedures a week at first. Procedures are reduced to once a week and then once a month. The amount of ECT needed varies with each person. Memory loss and other cognitive effects sometimes occur, but usually diminish with time. (National Institute of Mental Health) It is important that a skilled Psychiatrist perform the procedure because the effectiveness of the treatment depends on the accuracy of the physician’s skills. (Lisanby, 2007) Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) Vagus nerve stimulation sends electrical pulses from a surgically implanted generator in the chest to the vagus nerve. Every few seconds a pulse runs through the nerve to the part of the brain that is thought to effect mood. (NIMH) Complimentary and Alternative Therapies The National Institute of Mental Health also lists St. John’s wort, S-adenosyl methionine (sometimes called SAMe), omega-3 fatty acids, light therapy, and acupuncture as complimentary and alternative therapies. Botox has also been studied as a treatment for depression, with the theory that suppressing frowning in a depressed person can decrease the depression. (Kruger, T. H. C. , et al. , 2012) 4. Theory and Treatment Links Cognitive Theory and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy a) Etiology Maintenance of depression by negative, automatic thoughts, and withdrawing from others, is the basis for Cognitive Theory. In Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for depression, the client is taught to replace negative cognitive thoughts and behaviors with positive ones. Sterling Moorey (2010) developed a maintenance model of depression with six cycles depicted as a â€Å"vicious flower†. It is a tool to help clients understand depression: what causes it, and how it is maintained, as well as cognitive and behavioral changes to ameliorate it. The links between Cognitive Theory and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can be seen clearly in the model as described below. b) Dynamics Testing negative thoughts and beliefs replaces automatic negative thinking. Problem solving and developing compassion replaces ruminating and self-attacks. Mood recognition replaces mood/emotions. Becoming physically active, and taking one step at a time, replaces withdrawal and avoidance. Experimenting with helpful behaviors replaces unhelpful behaviors. Motivation and physical symptoms are replaced by taking care of oneself and exercising. (Moorey, 2010) A link between Cognitive Theory and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, is demonstrated when exercise is used as a treatment for depression. Exercise engages the patient mentally and physically. It changes behavior, increases health, and encourages interaction with others. It is positive change that can be used for intervention and prevention. (Martinson, 2008) c) Motivation for Change Cognitive Theory of Depression asserts that dysfunctional and negative beliefs about self causes and maintains depression. Gaining a positive self image based on cognitive behavioral changes will enable a depressed person to participate in, and enjoy life. Looking at difficulties and life events from a positive perspective, allows one to believe success is possible, and behave accordingly. Symbolic Interaction Theory and Interpersonal Therapy a. Etiology Looking at events from a dysfunctional and negative view, based on our interactions with others, perpetuates negative thoughts and feelings, according to the Symbolic Theory of Major Depressive Disorder. This was demonstrated in a study by Vranceanu, Gallo, and Bogart (2009). They found that women with depressed symptomatology reported more negative personal interactions and less positive support, than women who were not depressed. The negative reactions the depressed women received, may serve as reinforcers for dysfunctional beliefs. (p. 468) Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) links mood to the clients circumstances, helping the client to understand what triggers the depression. Often, negative circumstances involve a relationship, or some event that involves the client’s interpersonal functioning. (Markowitz and Weissman, 2012) Liverant, Kamholz, Sloan, & Brown (2011), showed there is a correlation between rumination and other forms of emotional suppression, such as avoidance and withdrawal. They found the more often emotional suppression was used, particularly rumination, the greater the intensity of sadness. b. Dynamics The negative thoughts and feelings the client has perceived from interactions with others, as well as personal relationship problems, are evaluated by the therapist. IPT is time-limited, and solution based. The therapist is understanding, supportive, and encouraging. Emotional acceptance of negative experiences may serve as a tool to reduce rumination, thus decreasing the symptoms of depression. (Liverant, et al. 2011) Interpersonal skills are taught so clients can learn to interact with others in more positive ways. c. Motivation for Change Motivation for change in both Symbolic Interaction Theory and Interpersonal Therapy is a return to a positive mood, the ability to enjoy life, and to interact with others in a positive way. Negative, dysfunctional beliefs attained through interaction with others, as demonstrated in Symbolic Interaction Theory, can b e changed by learning person skills to interact more positively with others, thus providing positive response and reducing depression.

Mcdonalds marketing principles Essay

When McDoland’s venture’s out globally they have to use important standards of marketing. The two most important things that I have noticed that got changed with McDoalds strategy is their product presentation and their advertising strategies. In some countries they sold the same product as in the USA. Countries that did this was Bulgaria, Denmark, and Oman. The reason why they had similar products is due to the similar taste that the USA and these other countries share. In countries like the Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand the food is much different then in the USA. The reason being is that Culturally they have a different dietary habits then us. So in those countries they ended up doing offerings like crispy chicken, rice, and spaghetti which is important so they can cater to regions needs and taste especially when it comes to something as important as food! Also it is important to note that one of McDonald’s great models is to standardize their popular items here and make it taste and looks the same whether its in Singapore, Spain or South Africa website. McDonald’s also has to be adaptive when it comes to building their franchises in other countries in order to gain success. Therefore the concept of â€Å"think global, act local† has been clearly adopted by McDonald’s and it is all over there international websites. One last thing to add about product development is the Indian website. In that country they had to rethink the way that they presented and processed their food according to the Indians tastes, value system, lifestyle, language, and perception. Mostly in all countries everyone loves their traditional hamburgers which are prepared from beef and pork. Since Indians don’t eat pork, McDonalds had to rethink their strategy which was to introduce chicken, lamb, and fish to satisfy the Indian Market. When it comes to advertising they use a wide array of advertisement. In the United Kingdom they like to use a lot of sports figures to promote their products. In France used a soccer player to boost their sales. And it seems to be working by standardizing their brand name, but at the same time making their advertisement decisions based on the â€Å"local culture†. Another great example of this is in Malaysia. Malaysia has a great up and coming young generation so McDonald’s could probably not have had the success they have  experienced without them focusing on the younger audience to younger generations of consumer. So to make in that market McDonalds is trying to invest heavily in tv marketing and aims it at children. Overall McDolands employed a great marketing strategy that focused on making sure that their products fulfilled the demands of the consumer and region base and made sure to keep them satisfied to have them keep on wanting to come back.

Search for Truth in Edgar Lee Masters

Oftentimes, the poems that are related â€Å"speak† to one another and give the reader efferent perspectives on the same issue. By doing this, the poetic elements of the related poems act to change and contribute to the themes of each other. â€Å"Benjamin Panties† and â€Å"Mrs.. Benjamin Panties† are two poems In the anthology that, when read individually, seem to have separate themes, but when read together speak to each other in an â€Å"argument and response† manner. Through an explication of the two poems, it can be seen that Benjamin Panther and Mrs..Benjamin Panther both feel betrayed, but their differing perspectives change the reader's Initial Impression of sympathy for both characters to one of questioning for truth. The form of the two poems Is free verse In that there Is no strict rhyme or meter. This style Is very beneficial In getting the themes of the two poems across In a very effective way. Free verse works well In getting these themes ac ross because the poet Is not as â€Å"trapped† In a specific form.This develops the themes of the two poems In a much more relatable manner since both poems deal with problems that most people can relate to such as friendship, betrayal, marriage, and loneliness. Adding to this discussion of Masters' style of writing, Emilio Tolerated states that â€Å"halls lines stir up a very human otter, made up of conciseness, hardness, and classic rhythms; he Is clear-sighted, sometimes satirical, always brilliant and direct† (Talented 46).This Is a very Insightful critique, especially In his assertion that Masters' delivery Is very human and direct because this allows the average reader to get Into the mind of the characters and genuinely relate to their themes. In â€Å"Benjamin Panther† the theme Is that companionship Is necessary to live a happy life, even If It Is with a dog, especially when you have a miserable relationship with your wife and there Is no one else to t urn to. On the other hand, the theme of â€Å"Mrs..Benjamin Panther† Is that you cannot always trust people based on what they say and how people perceive them, and It Is wrong to Judge because sometimes seemingly Irrational decisions have a listened explanation. Free verse â€Å"Benjamin Panties† helps to develop the sincerity to his relationship with his dog, Nigh, and shows how he has become indifferent to the world. The free verse acts almost like a letter to the reader trying to express the struggles he faced at the end of his life. This is not to imply that there are not some intentional stresses in the poems.For example, Benjamin Panties says â€Å"our story is lost in silence. Go by, mad world! † (â€Å"B. P. † 12). There is definitely a stress on this last phrase which is important to his argument because it makes his assertion much more resonant and memorable. â€Å"Mrs.. Benjamin Panties† is also written in free verse in what appears to be an outright reply to Benjamin poem. She is very candidly expressing the problems she has with her husband, problems that she notes many people do not see from the surface.This helps to bring up a connected theme among the two poems which is that marriage is more complicated than it seems on the surface and requires insight into the situation of the husband and wife to understand the true nature of a relationship. While the order of these two poems, in the anthology, may not seem that important, it can be very helpful in discerning how the themes speak to each other, and how they are shaped in the reader's mind. It is no coincidence that â€Å"Benjamin Panties† is the first poem because it introduces this character as being someone completely without a human friend and who has given up on life.The line â€Å"our story is lost in silence. Go by, mad world! † (â€Å"B. P. † 12) is very important in showing that Benjamin did not feel that people understood his de speration and that his story is often lost. This leads directly into â€Å"Mrs.. Benjamin Panties† where she contradicts most everything her husband has asserted in the previous poem and says â€Å"all the men loved him/and most of the women pitied him! † (â€Å"M. B. P. † 3-4). Mrs.. Panties is very effectively calling Benjamin argument into question by saying that these concerns for him are false and unjustified.Initially, Benjamin poem seems very sad and the reader takes pity with him until reading the next poem. What Masters has done so well is in setting up the second poem while the previous one is still in the reader's mind. This acts to alter Benjamin theme room one of solitude that is uncontrolled to one of solitude that is brought on by himself as a result of not appreciating his wife. The occurrence of a very similar idea found in both poems, but with different implications, prove to cause conflict among their individual themes.In both poems there is a brief mention of alcohol, but the context in which both are used are completely different. Benjamin Panties says â€Å"†¦ L was alone/with Nigh for partner, bed- fellow, comrade in drink† (â€Å"B. P. † 4-5), which implies that the only friend he had to drink with was his dog, and, once again, makes the reader feel sorry for him. On the other hand, Mrs.. Benjamin Panties points out that she â€Å"loathe(s) the smell of whiskey and onions† (â€Å"M. B. P. † 6), which shows that she saw the alcohol as one of the problems that pulled her and her husband apart.While this may not seem important to the connection of the two poems, it is very significant because it shows that Benjamin fall from glory into solitude could be of his own making. On the other hand, the issue of alcohol in Benjamin poem could alter Mrs.. Pannier's theme because the argument could be made that Mrs.. Panties drove her husband to alcohol because of her failure o be a good wife and constant companion. So, in a very interesting way this mention of alcohol creates a sense of ambiguity in both poems and gets the reader to question to r an Mrs..Pannier's argument, while contributing to the reader's interpretation of both of the themes. In these two poems, Masters uses devices of sound and poetic diction very effectively to set the tone and advance the arguments of the poems. In â€Å"Benjamin Panties† there is both alliteration and a hyperbole in the line â€Å"then she, who survives me, snared my soul with a snare which bled me to death† (â€Å"B. P. † 7-8). A line very similar to this is found in â€Å"Mrs.. Benjamin Panties† as she is Justifying her reasons for being a seemingly bad wife.This constant repetition of the hard â€Å"s† sound turns the alliteration into onomatopoeia that sounds almost like a snake hissing when the poem is read aloud. This sets the very somber tone of the poem which is reflected by Benjamin solitud e and â€Å"loss of soul† which he blames on his wife. In addition to setting this tone, the fact that Benjamin uses these negative words in direct reference to his wife strengthens his argument in the eyes of the reader because they now associate this snakelike sound and deathly scene with the fife's cold attitude towards her husband.An example of how poetic diction helps set tone can be seen in the word â€Å"dingy' used in both poems to express the room Benjamin was forced to live in by his wife. The word implies a very unclean and nasty environment and is used near the end of both poems to leave the reader with a sense of the unclean nature of their relationship. It is significant that the same adjective is used to describe the room in both poems because it implies for Benjamin how bad his life has become, and for Mrs.. Panties how disgusted she was with him to force him to live in such a place.There is a very unique example of irony found in the two poems, which is brou ght out when they are directly compared. Both Mr.. And Mrs.. Panties make mention of the law in their poems, but in very different ways. Benjamin Panties mentions at the very beginning of his poem that he is an attorney at law. This shows that Mr.. Panties has a good education and a clear understanding of the law. Mrs.. Panties also directly mentions the law but in reference to their marriage by stating â€Å"the only man with whom the law and morality/permit you to have the marital relation/is the very man that fills you with disgust† (â€Å"M.B. P. † 13-15). What comes across as ironic in this cross- reference is that Mrs.. Panties names both law and morality as the reasons why she cannot escape the unhappy marriage. Since Mr.. Panties is a lawyer, he can be seen as a man who upholds the law and has to maintain a certain level of moral integrity in his profession. Mrs.. Pannier's assertion against the law and morality could, in fact, be another way of associating bla me to her husband for her being trapped in a bad marriage.Masters' background had a lot to do with the types of poems and themes he dealt with in Spoon River Anthology. Literary critic Stephen Cushman says that Masters â€Å"was cursed with the need to search all his life for the love his mother failed to give him and doomed not to recognize genuine love, since he had been deprived of it in the most fundamental stages of his existence, and we can concur in his Judgment that such a fate would ultimately play itself out in a life involving many women and many wanderings until, his physical energies exhausted, he would end old and alone. (Cushman 162). This description of Masters helps a great deal in giving a deeper meaning as to why he wrote so many poems about unhappy marriages that ended in loneliness. Since he did not experience much love early in his life, these themes to loneliness and blame taunt in the Panniers could be a way tort him to express how he felt. It is very import ant to see that there are other sets of poems in Spoon River Anthology that speak to each other about unhappy marriages through differing perspectives.In the poems â€Å"Lie McGee† and â€Å"Fletcher McGee,† this husband and wife both tell of how one made the other's life miserable. Lie claims that Fletcher took her youth and beauty in life, while Fletcher claims that Lie drained the life out of him during her life and continued to haunt him after her death. Another pair of poems that display this theme of an unhappy marriage and leave the reader to question who is telling the truth is â€Å"Rose Parallel† and â€Å"Mrs.. Parallel. † Rose wants out of his marriage and attempts to get out if by disappearing for a year, but Mrs..Parakeet refuses to get a divorce. Both sets of poems are very similar to the Panniers in the sense that nobody in these marriages can escape their unhappiness in life, and all of them ultimately die very upset with their spouses. T he unhappy marriage of the Panniers does not stand alone in the small town of Spoon River in vying the reader different perspectives on unsuccessful marriages. While Spoon River Anthology contains many pairs of poems that â€Å"speak† to each other, â€Å"Benjamin Panties† and â€Å"Mrs..Benjamin Panties† are two that significantly change the meaning of each other's themes. Standing alone, each poem invokes sympathy in the reader because Benjamin has no human friends and his wife feels trapped in a miserable marriage. Analyzing these two poems together brings out a connected theme among the poems that both Mr.. And Mrs.. Panties feel betrayed, but their differing perspectives change the reader's initial impression and force them to either choose one character's argument or find some middle ground in their quest for the truth.