Linking Verbs and Action Verbs

Connecting Verbs and Action Verbs Connecting Verbs and Action Verbs Connecting Verbs and Action Verbs By Mark Nichol Action words are separated into two useful classifications: copular action words and activity action words. This post examines their disparities. Copular, or connecting, action words, which express a circumstance or a state instead of an activity or a procedure (and subsequently are among the class of action words called stative action words), comprise of a few kinds of action words. The fundamental ones are types of the action word state â€Å"to be†: am, are, be, being, is, was, were, and been. In any case, become, get, develop, turn, and comparable terms, and their strained structures (for instance, became and â€Å"will become†), additionally play out this capacity, as do those in two other little gatherings. To start with, there are the words, for example, shows up and appears, and second, there are what are known as the tactile action words, alluding to impressions dependent on the five detects: feels, looks, scents, sounds, and tastes. (These, obviously, likewise have their strained structures, for example, showed up and â€Å"will feel.†) The default for utilization of copular action words is that every provision has just one, as in â€Å"I am here, and you are there.† Some dialects permit a zero copula exclusion of a copular action word yet in American English, this is a casual use suggested uniquely in everyday exchange, as when one character drops the copular action word when asking another character something, for example, â€Å"Where you going?† The twofold copula (for instance, â€Å"What it is, is a disaster†) is additionally normal in easygoing discourse but at the same time is debilitated in most composition; such developments are sorted out that route for accentuation, yet in formal writing, the notion is effectively communicated all the more compactly: â€Å"It is a disaster.† A variety of the copular action word is the copular prepositional action word, which incorporates an action word and a relational word, as in â€Å"feels like† and â€Å"gets into.† Activity action words, on the other hand, are the ones that really portray an achievement, accomplishment, or movement. Achievement action words portray the consequence of an exertion, as in â€Å"He tackled the issue just in time.† Achievement action words depict a quick activity, as in â€Å"I saw the dog.† (Although one can keep on observing a pooch, the underlying event the change from not seeing the canine to seeing it happens in a moment.) An action can be positive in term (â€Å"I strolled while I hung tight for him to get ready†) or inconclusive (â€Å"I strolled along the road.†) One noteworthy distinction in sentence developments that highlight a copular action word and those that incorporate an activity action word is the grammatical feature that may follow the action word. In the event that an activity action word is altered, the modifier is a qualifier (â€Å"She filtered cautiously through the heap of documents†), while a copular action word is trailed by a descriptive word (â€Å"I was cautious as I filtered through the heap of documents†). Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Grammar 101 class, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should KnowList of 50 Great Word Games for Kids and AdultsPeople versus People

Chapter7 2014 Essay

Chapter7 2014 Essay Chapter7 2014 Essay ïÆ'Ëœ Basic region for showcasing ïÆ'Ëœ Significant for any industry ïÆ'Ëœ Continuously dynamic! Be that as it may, what's going on 1 Repositioning Developments Line Expansions â€Å"Me Too† Items New to World New to Company 2 Markets Existing Existing New Market Entrance Market Improvement New Product Improvement (Broadening) Items New 3 Opportunity Identification Structure Testing Presentation Life Cycle Management 4 ïÆ'Ëœ Item Design ïÆ'Ëœ Estimating 5 ïÆ'Ëœ Product configuration utilizing conjoint investigation ïÆ'Ëœ Forecasting the example of new item receptions (Bass Diffusion Model) 6 Reason: To join client inclinations into the new item configuration process. Procedure: By assessing how clients make tradeoffs between different item qualities. Yield of CA: - A numerical appraisal of the relative significance every client joins to qualities of an item set. - The worth (utility) gave to every client by each trait alternative. 7 Information is in general inclinations. Subsequently, CA joins customers’ expressed by and large inclinations to utility qualities. For instance, Memory $1,000 Cost $1,500 8 Mb 16 Mb 24 Mb 4 7 9 2 5 8 $2,000 1 3 6 9 = Most liked 1 = Least liked 8 Memory $1,000 Cost $1,500 8 Mb 16 Mb 24 Mb 4 7 9 2 5 8 1 3 6 20/3 15/3 10/3 = = = 6.7 5.0 3.3 Part-Worth: $2,000 PartWorth 7/3 = 15/3 = 23/3 = 2.3 5.0 7.7 9 Model: Utility of 24 Mb versus 16 Mb = 7.7 †5.0 = 2.7 units, while Utility of $1,000 versus $1,500 = 6.7 †5.0 = 1.7 units Subsequently, 8 Mb is worth more than $500 to this client. How does this assistance a chief? On the off chance that I have a 64 Mb item selling for $1600/ - , in what manner would it be a good idea for me to value an item on the off chance that I add 8 Mb to it? 10 Another model: Input for Salsa Thickness Fieriness Shading Genuine Ranking* Standard Standard Standard Standard Customary Customary Thick Thick Thick Thick Thick Thick Extra-Thick Extra-Thick Extra-Thick Extra-Thick Extra-Thick Extra-Thick Mellow Mellow Medium-Hot Medium-Hot Extra-Hot Extra-Hot Mellow Mellow Medium-Hot Medium-Hot Extra-Hot Extra-Hot Mellow Mellow Medium-Hot Medium-Hot Extra-Hot Extra-Hot Red Green Red Green Red Green Red Green Red Green Red Green Red Green Red Green Red Green 4 3 10 6 15 16 2 1 8 5 13 11 7 9 14 12 17 18 Positioning as Assessed by Model 4 3 10 8 16 15 2 1 6 5 13 11 7 9 14 12 18 17 * 1 = generally liked, 18 = least liked. 11 Conjoint Analysis: Graphical Output Thickness Zestiness Shading 2 1 0 - 1 - 2 Customary 0.161 Thick 0.913 Ex-Thick Mellow - 1.074 1.667 Medium-Hot 0.105 Ex-Hot Red - 1.774 - 0.161 Green 0.161 Scope of utility = {(.913, - 1.074), (1.667, - 1.774), (- .161, .161)} = {1.987, 3.441, .322} All out = 5.75 Perfect Product Second Best 12 0 20 40 60 Zestiness 100 % 59.8% Thickness Shading 80 34.6% 5.6% 13 ïÆ'Ëœ Maximum utility principle ïÆ'Ëœ Share of inclination rule ïÆ'Ëœ Logit decision rule 14 Structuring new items that upgrade customer utility. Estimating deals/piece of the overall industry of elective item ideas. Distinguishing market portions for which a given idea has high worth. Distinguishing the â€Å"best† idea for an objective portion. Evaluating items/item packages. Product offering the executives. Situating new items to various portions. 15 Stage 1-Designing the conjoint investigation: Step 1.1: Step 1.2: Step 1.3: Select ascribes applicable to the item or administration classification, Select levels for each property, and Build up the item packages to be assessed. Stage 2-Obtaining information from an example of respondents: Step 2.1: Step 2.2: Structure an information assortment strategy, and Select a calculation strategy for getting part-worth capacities. Stage 3-Evaluating item plan alternatives: Step 3.1: Step 3.2: Step 3.3: Section clients dependent on their part-worth capacities, Configuration advertise recreations, and Select decision rule. 16 Running Conjoint Analysis: Model: Bicycle plan Set Up 17 Model intended to respond to the inquiry: When will clients receive another item or innovation? 18 All out Sales at time ‘t’ = From ‘innovators’+ From

Implicit Bias Causes, Effects, and Prevention

Implicit Bias Causes, Effects, and Prevention Theories Cognitive Psychology Print How Does Implicit Bias Influence Behavior? Explanations and Impacts of Unconscious Bias By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 08, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 09, 2020 LaylaBird / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Causes Implicit Attitude Test Discrimination Effects Reducing Bias View All Back To Top An implicit bias is an unconscious association, belief, or attitude toward any social group. Due to implicit biases, people may often attribute certain qualities or characteristics to all members of a particular group, a phenomenon known as stereotyping.?? It is important to remember that implicit biases operate almost entirely on an unconscious level. While explicit biases and prejudices are intentional and controllable, implicit biases are less so. A person may even express explicit disapproval of a certain attitude or belief while still harboring similar biases on a more unconscious level. Such biases do not necessarily align with our own sense of self and personal identity. In many cases, people can hold positive or negative associations with regards to their own race, gender, religion, or another personal characteristic. The Psychology Behind Peoples Prejudices Causes While people might like to believe that they are not susceptible to these biases and stereotypes, the reality is that everyone engages in them whether they like it or not. It does not mean that you are necessarily prejudiced or inclined to discriminate against other people, however. It simply means that your brain is working the way it should, taking in information to form associations and make generalizations. It is the natural tendency of the brain to sift, sort, and categorize information about the world that leads to the formation of these implicit biases. Were susceptible to the bias because of this. We tend to seek out patterns. Implicit bias occurs because of the brains natural tendency to look for patterns and associations in the world. Social cognition, or our ability to store, process, and apply information about people in social situations, is dependent on this ability to form associations about the world.We like to take shortcuts. Like other cognitive biases, the implicit bias is a result of the brains tendency to try to simplify the world. Because the brain is constantly inundated with more information than it could conceivably process, mental shortcuts make it faster and easier for the brain to sort through all of this data.Experience and social conditioning play a role. Implicit biases are influenced by experiences, although these attitudes may not be the result of direct personal experience. Cultural conditioning, media portrayals, and upbringing can all contribute to the implicit associations that people form about the members of other social groups. Implicit Attitude Test The term implicit bias was first coined by social psychologists Mahzarin Banaji and Tony Greenwald in 1995. In an influential paper introducing their theory of implicit social cognition, they proposed that social behavior was largely influenced by unconscious associations and judgments. In 1998, Banaji and Greenwald published their now famous Implicit Association Test to support their hypothesis. The test utilizes a computer program to show respondents a series of images and words to determine how long it takes someone to choose between two things. Subjects might be shown images of faces of different racial backgrounds, for example, in conjunction with either a positive word or a negative word. Subjects would then be asked to click on a positive word when they saw an image of someone from one race, and to click on a negative word when they saw someone of another race. The researchers suggest that when someone clicks quickly, it means that they possess a stronger unconscious association.?? If a person quickly clicks on a negative word every time they see a person of a particular race, the researchers suggest that this would indicate that they hold an implicit negative bias toward individuals of that race. In addition to a test of implicit racial attitudes, the IAT has also been utilized to measure unconscious biases related to gender, weight, sexuality, disability, and other areas.?? The IAT has grown in popularity and use over the last decade, yet has recently come under fire. Among the main criticisms are findings that the test results may lack reliability. Respondents may score high on racial bias on one test, and low the next time they are tested. Also of concern is that scores on the test may not necessarily correlate with individual behavior. People may score high for a type of bias on the IAT, but those results may not accurately predict how they would relate to members of a specific social group. Link With Discrimination It is important to understand that implicit bias is not the same thing as racism, although the two concepts are related. Overt racism involves conscious prejudice against members of a particular racial group and can be influenced by both explicit and implicit biases. Other forms of discrimination that can be affected by unconscious biases include ageism, sexism, homophobia, and ableism. One of the benefits of being aware of the potential impact of implicit social biases is that you can take a more active role in overcoming social stereotypes, discrimination, and prejudice. Effects Implicit biases can influence how you behave toward the members of other social groups. Researchers have found that such bias can have effects in a number of settings, including in school, work, and legal proceedings.?? Implicit Biases in School Implicit bias can lead to a phenomenon known as stereotype threat in which people internalize negative stereotypes about themselves based upon group associations. Research has shown, for example, that girls often internalize implicit attitudes related to gender and math performance.?? By the age of 9, girls have been shown to exhibit the unconscious beliefs that females have a preference for language over that of math.?? The stronger these implicit beliefs are, the less likely girls and women are to pursue math performance in school. Such unconscious beliefs are also believed to a play a role in inhibiting women from pursuing careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Studies have also demonstrated that implicit attitudes can also influence how teachers respond to student behavior, suggesting that implicit bias can have a powerful impact on educational access and academic achievement. One study, for example, found that black childrenâ€"and black boys in particularâ€"were more likely to be expelled from school for behavioral issues.?? When teachers were told to watch for challenging behaviors, they were more likely to focus on black children than on white children. Implicit Biases in the Workplace While the Implicit Attitude Test itself may possess problems, this does not negate the existence of implicit bias. Or the existence and effects of bias, prejudice, and discrimination in the real world. Such prejudices can have very real and potentially devastating consequences. One study, for example, found that when black and white job seekers sent out similar resumes to employers, black applicants were half as likely to be called in for interviews as white job seekers with equal qualifications.?? Such discrimination is likely the result of both explicit and implicit biases toward racial groups. Even when employers strive to eliminate potential bias in hiring, subtle implicit biases may still have an impact on how people are selected for jobs or promoted to advanced positions.?? Avoiding such biases entirely can be difficult, but being aware of their existence and striving to minimize them can help. Implicit Biases in Legal Settings Implicit biases can have troubling implications in legal proceedings. Research has found that there is an overwhelming racial disparity in how black defendants are treated in criminal sentencing.?? Not only are black defendants less likely to be offered plea bargains than white defendants charged with similar crimes, they are also more likely to receive longer and harsher sentences than white defendants. How to Reduce While implicit biases can have an impact on your behavior, there are things that you can do to reduce your own bias. Focus on seeing people as individuals. Rather than focusing on stereotypes to define people, spend time considering them on a more personal, individual level.Work on consciously changing your stereotypes. If you do recognize that your response to a person might be rooted in biases or stereotypes make an effort to consciously adjust your response.Adjust your perspective. Try seeing things from another persons point of view. How would you respond if you were in their same position? What factors might contribute to how a person acts in a particular setting or situation? A Word From Verywell Implicit biases can be troubling, but they are also a pervasive part of life. Such unconscious attitudes may not necessarily align with your declared beliefs. While people are more likely to hold implicit biases that favor their own ingroup, it is not uncommon for people to hold such biases against their own social group. The good news is that these implicit biases are not set in stone. Even if you do hold unconscious biases against other groups of people, it is possible to adopt new attitudes, even on the unconscious level.?? This process is not necessarily quick or easy, but being aware of the existence of these biases is a good place to start making a change. 10 Cognitive Biases That Distort Your Thinking

Euthanasi An Ethical Way - 899 Words

Is physician assisted suicide an unethical way to end a life? Somebody suffering on their deathbed should not have to spend the last of their time and money on painful procedures and treatments. They should have the right to go out a more comforting way. This paper will use the background of euthanasia, and talk about many of the controversial viewpoints to support the thesis that euthanasia is an ethical way to end a life. Euthanasia is defined as the intentional killing by act or omission of a dependent human being for his or her alleged benefit. The most important word in the definition is that the act or omission was intentional. If the cause of death was unintentional then the act wasn’t in fact euthanasia. There are three types of euthanasia, voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is when the person who is euthanized has requested to be. Non-voluntary is when the person didn’t ask to be euthanized. That leaves involuntary which is where the person who was euthanized asked not to be. Then there are also three ways of committing the euthanasia, assisted suicide, euthanasia by action and euthanasia by omission. Assisted suicide is when someone provides the individual with the information, guidance or means need to take his or her own life with the intention that they will be used for this purpose. When it’s a doctor who helps the person it†™s called physician assisted suicide. Another way of committing euthanasia is called euthanasia

The Bird Image in Yeats Poems - 2062 Words

20100110003 陈æ ¡â€šÃ¨Å  ³ è‹ ±Ã¥â€º ½Ã¨ ¯â€"æ ­Å' Jan. 30, 2011 The Symbol of Soul —The bird image in Yeats’ poetry The poetry of William Butler Yeats is permeated by symbolism and mysticism which are attributed to his manipulation of various images. The image of birds crowns among the imageries of his poetry and is endowed with the poets’ profound philosophies. The bird as the symbol of soul is a heritage of classical writings. In Golden Bough, Sir James Frazer comments on the subject, â€Å"Often the Soul is conceived as a bird ready to take flight. This conception has probably left traces in most languages, and it†¦show more content†¦(qtd. in Wikipedia) In the poem, he sees the swans attended by â€Å"passion or conquest† mount up into the sky while he himself is wearied with a sore heart because everything in his life has changed except the wild swans whose hearts â€Å"have not grown cold†. The poet lives in a heart-ache time of the First World War and the Irish civil war when he says â€Å"All’s changed†. The pain of personal memory of the speaker is in a stark contrast with the swans’ untainted spiritual integrity, which adds greater mystery of the birds. And then he wonders where these mysterious and beautiful birds go, where they will build their nests and by what lake’s edge or pool they will entertain people when he wakes up one morning only to find they have disappeared. Compared to his early poems, the mood of that poem written in Yeats’ middle age is gloomier and more melancholy with a tone of sadness and sorrow. The solemn serenity exhibited by the beautiful imagery of the swans in pairs â€Å"lover by lover† suggests the poet’s longing for eternity of love, the integrity of soul despite enduring the pain of memory. The speaker in the poem is a pessimistic observer watching the ever-lasting affectionate birds with a touch of jealousy. Besides, the appearance and disappearance of the birds is used to symbolize the human soul that emerges in and dies away from the worldly life. It corresponds with a later poem Coole Park and Ballylee, 1931, in which YeatsShow MoreRelatedWilliam Butler Yeats The Second Coming1011 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Butler Yeats The Second Coming, the poet makes phrases such as; â€Å"the best lack of conviction of stony sleep (19) and the falcon cannot hear the falconer (2). The phrases are useful in suggesting various thematic concerns of the poem as well asserting separation of ideas and events that occur during the time when Yeats is writing his work. Different interpretations of the stanzas may bring a connection of the antagonism of people and events that Yeats foresees. For instance, the falconRead MoreAnalysis Of W. B. Yeatss Sailing To Byzantium1235 Words   |  5 PagesW.B. Yeats’ poem â€Å"Sailing to Byzantium† presents his concerned about the progression of time and how someone can become eternal. In this poem, Yeats thoroughly examined his personal struggle with the agony of old age. Yeats lived from 1865 to 1939; so this poem, got published in 1926 at age 60, which reflects his fear about aging and becoming immaterial. The main theme in the poem connects between Yeats ageing body and youthful mind, and his desire to achieve a permanency not possible in realityRead MoreWhy Byzantium, Yeats? Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesThe poem, Sailing to Byzantium, written by William Butler Yeats, depicts a poet’s internal struggle with his aging as he pursues for a sanctuary that allows him to become one with his soul. The poet, Yeats, is therefore sailing fro m his native land of Ireland to â€Å"the holy city of Byzantium,† because â€Å"that† country that he originally lived in belongs to the youth (Yeats 937). This escape from the natural world into a paradise represents the firmness and acceptance of Yeats’ monuments, which consistsRead MoreSailing to Byzantium by William Butler Yeats657 Words   |  3 PagesThe poem, Sailing to Byzantium by William Butler Yeats, is an in depth look at the journeys of one man who wishes to escape the confinements of old age by pursuing a society in which artistic beauty and expression reign supreme. The narrators goal is to become a part of Byzantine civilization where he can forever be immortalized within the magnificence of their art. Within this poem Yeats thoroughly examines his internal conflict with the agony of old age. Yeats detests old age because of threeRead MoreLeda And The Swan By William Butler Yeats1639 Words   |  7 Pagesconsequences of war and devastation. Y eats reflects on the actions described in the first eight lines of the poem, and challenges his audience to answer the questions he has crafted. The octave essentially describes the god Zeus’s forced impregnation of Leda and her hopeless human efforts at resisting the swan. However, the reader is left with the unanswered question, â€Å"Did she put on his knowledge with his power â€Å" (Yeats). In Ancient Greek mythology and in Yeast s poem, Leda s rape is taken as an indirectRead MoreYeats Through A Modernist Lens. The Modernist View Of Poetry1384 Words   |  6 PagesYeats through a Modernist Lens The modernist view of poetry is most often compounded through depictions of unparalleled chaos, fragmentation, and disjuncture from the poetic self and society as a whole. In William Butler Yeats’ poetry, he embodies these defining perspectives by his representation of society within concepts of decay. More specifically, Yeats’ poems â€Å"Leda and the Swan† and â€Å"The Second Coming† epitomize the poetic techniques that define modernist views of poetry. In essence, theseRead MoreDepiction of Time in Three Housman Poems Essay798 Words   |  4 Pages1. Illustrate how all three of the Housman poems assigned deal with time and the passing of time. In The Loveliest of Trees, Housman uses a cherry tree to relate the passage of time. He begins the poem in springtime when the cherry is in bloom, â€Å"wearing white for Eastertide.† The image of white and the blossoming tree give the reader of feeling of rejuvenation and rebirth, both feelings associated with spring. The next stanza uses clever word play to describe the passing of decades and scoresRead More Byzantium - Deep Desires that Transcend Time Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesByzantium   - Deep Desires that Transcend Time   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Butler Yeats wrote two poems which are together known as the Byzantium series. The first is Sailing to Byzantium, and its sequel is simply named Byzantium. The former is considered the easier of the two to understand. It contains multiple meanings and emotions, and the poet uses various literary devices to communicate them. Two of the most dominant themes of this poem are the desire for escape from the hardships of this world andRead MoreViolence And Violence In The Second Coming By William Butler Yeats1330 Words   |  6 PagesYeats wrote â€Å"The Second Coming† shortly after World War I devastated life on Earth in 1919. As Europe progressed to rebuild itself after the end of the war, the future of humanity hung in the balance as humans needed to learn from the mistakes of past generations, otherwise they would face the end of the human race. Throughout his lifetime, Yeats witnessed the degradation of the value of human life and manâ€℠¢s natural instincts of violence through the ferocious conflicts of World War I, the RussianRead MoreWhat is a king to a god? Even if that god has committed unspeakable acts? Leda and the Swan is a1000 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Swan is a poem that causes a lot controversy; some people feel that Zeus raped Leda where as others feel that she was seduced. William Butler Yeats officially published this poem in 1928. He was known as one of the world’s greatest authors of his time. Yeats was born in Sandymount, Republic of Ireland on June 13,1865 and lived to be 74 years old. He was very proud of his Irish nationality and â€Å"maintained his cultural roots, featuring Irish legends and heroes in many of his poems and plays.†

How Katherine Mansfield’s Writing Changed Through Free Essays

string(57) " of the travelling men knows her from previous journeys\." Katherine Mansfield was predominantly a short story writer born in New Zealand in 1888. Although she has often been quoted demonstrating a negative view on New Zealand, she â€Å"thanks God she was born in New Zealand†. Her father was a successful business man and her mother was a younger woman. We will write a custom essay sample on How Katherine Mansfield’s Writing Changed Through or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is widely acknowledged that her parents played a major role on her views of men and woman in society and the gender imbalance. She began writing from a very early age writing for her Wellington high school newsletter. One of her first novels and one which strongly represents her views on the gender imbalance in society was Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding. This story represents the Frau very much as the subservient housewife to her more dominant and intimidating husband. The first instance of this is when Frau threatens her daughter with the wrath of her father, to which the daughter immediately responds to the request. This story was strongly based on what Mansfield had seen in her time living in Germany in the earlier stages of her career and the story is an undisguised satire of the German character, in particular the German housewife who Mansfield saw as unkind and somewhat shallow due to their displeasure of their role in society. The story of Frau Brechenmacher continues on and the Frau and her husband attend a wedding. Katherine Mansfield describes the bride as having the ‘appearance of an iced cake all ready to be cut and served in neat little pieces to the bridegroom beside her’. This is a very blatant and obvious piece of writing that outlines the woman’s role in a marriage. This shows that the bride is a mere object to the groom and her role in the marriage is to please her husband. Also, the story goes in to detail about the daughter being shown the role of a woman by her mother which is encouraging the cycle of woman’s servitude and therefore Mansfield puts a negative light on the subject, shown by the quote, â€Å"girls have a lot to learn† which carries a negative connotation. However, the Frau is aware of her situation and does not particularly enjoy it as â€Å"everybody laughed at his speech, except the Frau† and â€Å"She wanted to go home and never come out again†. Katherine Mansfield was opposed to the idea of the traditional role of woman in society and the gender imbalance that was so obvious to her as favourable to the man. Also, she saw and represented men as predatory. This is shown at the very end of Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding when it is stated that she lay on her bed â€Å"who expected to get hurt as Herr Brechenmacher lurched in†. This is ot the first instance in the story where the Frau and even her daughter are shown to be intimidated by the dominant figure of the relationship in Herr Brechenmacher. This is why Katherine Mansfield intentionally chose to refer to him as ‘the father’ throughout the story as it is like a title. Titles are given to people who are important figures and by giving him th is title and Herr Brechenmacher being referred to as the father by his wife and daughter show that they have a certain respect for him but also gives the sense of distance between the husband and his family. The idea of distance between the Frau and her husband is most prolifically represented when he ‘†lurches in† which implies the idea of forced sex on his behalf. This shows that even though they are husband and wife, they are extremely distanced and can potentially not even have consenting sex. This enhances Mansfield’s view of the woman as an object or accessory to the husband as purely for the pleasure of her partner. Frau Brechenmacher is also portrayed to be much more comfortable when she is in the house alone without her husband. Although she is often doing her duties for her husband, she is more relaxed in that environment without the oppressive Herr Brechenmacher. There is a sense of uneasiness when Herr Brechenmacher returns home as she sends her daughter into the bedroom and begins to rush to get everything ready and perfect for her husband. This gives the impression that the house is a sanctuary for all subservient women and that was how Katherine Mansfield viewed it and writes on the matter with such satirical influence. The short story, Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding, is a story that does not carry many subliminal or hidden messages when dealing with the criticism of the women’s role in society. It is unlike some of her later works that hide the ideas that are intended to be portrayed. It is a very matter of fact piece of writing that was strongly scrutinized for the views and opinions that it was showcasing, which is potentially why Katherine Mansfield decided to write her later works that had similar themes with more discretion and subtlety. Another short story by Katherine Mansfield which deals with the same issues that are brought to light in Frua Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding is ‘The Woman at the Store’ written two years after Frau Brechenmacher in 1912. Similarly with Frau Brechenmacher, ‘The Woman at the Store’ deals with the issues of gender imbalance and the oppressive male figure in relationships in a very unsubtle and obvious way. However, unlike Frua Brechenmacher, Mansfield deals with these issues in a much more violent and twisted manner in ‘The Woman at the Store’ which ends in a melodramatic twist. This is similar to other short stories written in the same era of Mansfield including ‘Ole Underwood’ and ‘Millie’. ‘The Woman at the Store’ is a story of two men and a girl travelling by horseback through a desolate environment in the North Island of New Zealand. They come across a house in which lives a woman and her daughter and one of the travelling men knows her from previous journeys. You read "How Katherine Mansfield’s Writing Changed Through" in category "Essay examples" However, the woman is not what she used to be or how she is previously described to be â€Å"certainly her eyes were blue, and what hair she had was yellow, but ugly†. This comes to a surprise by all the travellers as they had been promised wondrous things by a character named Hin â€Å"Don’t forget theres a woman too, Jo, with blue eyes and yellow hair, who’ll promise you something else before she shakes hands with you†. It is revealed to us as the reader that the woman was once a beautiful woman and a barmaid but that had all changed once she became wed and bore children. This is also another common theme that is seen throughout Mansfield’s writings, particularly the ones that have a strong feminist base and represent men as oppressive and somewhat ruining their female counterparts. The idea of child-birth being the bane of a woman’s existence is shown in some of Mansfield’s works where she writes about the role of woman as objects for giving birth to children for the male in the relationships sake. This is shown in ‘The Woman at the Store’ when the woman is abusive to her only child, yelling her and speaking down to her. Also, later in the story when all the characters are drinking whiskey around a table, the woman becomes upset and starts to talk about her life when she says â€Å"It’s six years since I was married, and four miscarriages†. This quote has a negative tone to it and gives the impression that the woman is not happy about her situation that her husband has left her in. The woman is also extremely bitter towards her husband for the life that he has given to her which is the way that Mansfield represents her ideas of the female in relationships being unpleased by marriage and the new role they have had to take on as the generic housewife. The bitterness of the woman towards her husband is best shown by the quote â€Å"Over and over I tells ‘im – you’ve broken my spirit and ruined my looks, and wot for†. The idea of men as predatory which is so often used in Mansfield’s works is also briefly alluded to in ‘The Woman at the Store’, however, in this story it is much less obvious. Jo, the oldest of the three travellers is pleased to learn that the woman at the store has been left alone by her husband and uses this as a window of opportunity to potentially sleep with the woman. This is made known to the reader when Jo cleans himself up before returning to the house to spend the evening drinking with the woman and the three travellers. Also, it is noted that â€Å"they were kissing feet under the table†. Jo and the woman end up sleeping together that night and although it may not seem to be predatory on Jo’s behalf, it can be interpreted this way. The reasoning for this is because Jo showed more interest in the woman once learning that her husband goes away and often and how much she dislikes this. Also, Jo often encourages the woman to continue drinking whiskey which could be interpreted as him coaxing her in. The message that Katherine Mansfield is trying to convey in ‘The Woman at the Store’ is the criticism of women’s dependence on men during the time that the story was being written and it also criticises women for perpetuating the cycle of womanhood that they are subjected to. The fate of the woman’s husband is later revealed by her strange child who is known to draw everything she says instead of vocally delivering her messages. The child is also referred to by one of the travellers as having a â€Å"diseased mind†. This along with the repetition of the references to her drawings subconsciously prepares the reader for what is to come. The daughter, in spite of her mother, draws a picture of woman shooting a man and digging a hole to bury him in. Katherine Mansfield chose this ending to the story because it carries a shock-factor. Throughout the story, negative references had been made about the father of the child by the woman and how she despised him for what he had done to her. By ending the story like this, Mansfield has demonstrated that murder is the only answer to oppression and subjection imposed by the male role in society. However, this is only a satirical view by Mansfield. She uses such little sophistication in this story and ends it with such a melodramatic ending so that the idea woman do not have to put up with such degrading behaviour from their husbands becomes so clear and obvious. Another reference to the lack of sophistication in ‘The Woman at the Store’, one of Mansfield’s earlier short stories, is the juxtaposition of the weather and the tone or mood of the story. For example, when the weather is sunny, the mood of the story is light-hearted and as the weather turns more unpleasant, the mood of the story becomes more sinister. Between her short stories from the collection ‘A German Pension’ which included Frau Brechenmacher and ‘The Woman at the Store’ and her short story ‘The Garden Party’, many things had changed in the life of Katherine Mansfield. She had continued to write solidly through this time period but she had since moved from Germany and moved to London where she would meet her future husband, John Middleton Murray. They had spent some time in Paris and she also spent a few months in Paris, behind enemy lines, once war had broken out. Her brother had died in the war which was a huge blow to Katherine, and during this time her health had also declined and she was diagnosed with tuberculosis. All these events in Mansfield’s life had altered the way in which she wrote, with her stories having more focus on characters and inter-character relations. It brought about a whole new sophistication to Mansfield’s works; however her views on men had still not changed, even after having a somewhat contented marriage and other relations with men. This is shown in a letter to John Middleton Murray in 1919 – â€Å"Someone came to me and said Forget, forget that you’ve been wed. Who’s your man to leave you be Ill and cold in a far country? Who’s the husband – who’s the stone Could leave a child like you alone† This letter or poem if you will, shows that Mansfield has turned in to the women who is dependent on her male counterpart which she had prolifically wrote against in her earlier stories. However, she later acknowledged this and wrote about it in resentment. Also, during the time between her ‘German Pension’ collection and her later stories, including ‘The Garden Party’ she had developed her characters, often reflecting her own life and life experiences in them. This is what is seen to be her sophistication in her later works. Mansfield’s later works such as the ‘Garden Party’ have been known to focus less on the plotline of the story and more on specific events in the story, and more importantly, the relationships between her characters. It is through these relationships that her motives for writing he stories come through. For example, the way Laura in ‘The Garden Party’ tries to imitate her mother’s actions ‘â€Å"Good morning,† she said copying her mother’s voice. ’ This is a perfect example of Mansfield’s view on woman allowing the cycle of domestication to continue and when looked at in greater depth shows how the older woman influen ce their daughters to do so. Again, this is just one of Katherine Mansfield’s views on the role of woman in society that is shown throughout her short stories, but this time it is alluded to in a more subtle way. The Garden Party’ was written in 1922, more than 10 years after ‘The Woman at the Store’ and ‘Frau Brechenmacher’ but her views had not changed in this time. However, some of the ways in which she presents her views in ‘The Garden Party’ are much more sophisticated than previous stories. For example, workmen are preparing to set up a marquee for the garden party and suggest that it should go in front of some karaka trees. Laura contemplates whether this should be done and comments on the beauty of the trees and how solitary they were. But in the end she decides that ‘they must’ be covered by the marquee. This could be seen as a metaphor for the beauty of woman being covered and hidden by men, being the marquee. And the fact that Laura uses the words ‘they must’ shows how she has been brought up to think that woman should be squandered by men. Laura from ‘The Garden Party’ is also often left admiring the workmen in the story and commenting on how wonderful they were. At first glance, any reader may take it at face value. But with prior knowledge of Mansfield’s other stories and her views, you would be able to pick up on the underlying satire that is rampant throughout the story. Satire is one of the ways in which Mansfield expresses her views and opinions on different matters, quite often concerning gender imbalance. The idea of the woman being the domestic person around the house and the father being the oppressive figure just like in ‘Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding’ is also evident in ‘The Garden Party. In the lead up to the party, Mrs Sheridan orders her children to do all different tasks while she does her own, and the children respond immediately as they look up to their mother. But however in one instance where she is in a rush she threatens them, â€Å"Do you hear me, children, or shall I have to tell your father when he comes home to-night? † â€Å"The Garden Party’ is very closely related to Katherine Mansfield herself, with the story being set in a grand house in New Zealand. When she was younger she lived in lavish houses with her parents and siblings just like in the story. Also, the main character Laura, can possibly be seen as Mansfield herself or having aspects and qualities like her. This is why this story is often regarded as her best short story as it incorporates many themes and because she is writing somewhat from her own life experiences, she is able to portray these themes and ideas extremely well. For example, Laura is the one character who shows respect for their neighbours who had just had a death in the family and she is shown as a character with a set of morals, just like Mansfield herself. The ways in which Mansfield relates herself directly to her situations and characters in her later works such as The Garden Party’ are what are seen as to be her sophistication and maturing in her writing style. She moved away from very obvious and simplistic ways of getting her ideas across to her audience, to a more subtle and underlying way of getting the ideas through to her readers. And because of her maturing in her writing and her skill in her craft, she has become to be known as New Zealand’s, and one of the worlds, best short story writers of her time. 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What is the policy-making process Essay Example

What is the policy-making process Paper Policy-making process involves a linked series of actions or events1. It focuses on the way in which policy is made (process), rather than on the substance of policy itself and its consequences (product)2. In general, there are four main stages of the policy-making process, which are initiation, formulation, implementation and evaluation. The institutions or participants of policy-making process include political leadership, citizen participation or interest groups, legislature and legislators, bureaucracy and judiciary. In this essay, I will use the government policy to overcome traffic congestion in Singapore as a case study to illustrate the different stages. In my view, the implementation process is the most important stage in the policy process. Central to understanding policy-making process is the understanding of how decisions are made. Decision-making is a process that focuses on the people involved in the policy process and on the part of the process that deals with choosing among alternative course of action. This led us to the different theories of decision-making process: the Rational Actor Model (Rationality), the Incremental Model (Incrementalism), Bureaucratic Organization Models and the Belief System Model. The Rational Actor Model occurs in a very methodological, neat, problem solving process. Its features include the appraisal of problem, to identify the goals and rank order them, to canvass the possible alternatives, to consider the consequences of each alternative and finally to select the alternative that most closely matches the referred goals. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the policy-making process specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What is the policy-making process specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What is the policy-making process specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the Incremental Model, decisions are made through small or incremental moves on particular problems rather than through a comprehensive reform program. It is also endless because it takes the form of an indefinite sequence of policy moves. It focuses on making necessary changes and sees policy as variations of the past. In this model, the decisions are the product of bargaining. It implies that policy-making is a messy or untidy process of muddling through. The Bureaucratic Organization Models basically means getting into the Black Box. The organizational process model looks at values, assumptions and regular pattern of behavior in the organization. The policy itself is placed within the context of the organizations objectives, overall strategy and structures. The bureaucratic politics model involves bargaining between personnel and agencies. Lastly, there is the Belief System Model where the role of beliefs and ideologies and political values held by political parties and politicians determine what is to be done. Such ideologies often have the effect of excluding ideas, information and empirical evidence when they fail to support the political partys core beliefs3. The first stage of the policy-making process is initiation or agenda setting process. Agenda setting is the process by which problems and alternative solutions gain or lose public and elite attention4. It means getting problems to government. The participants of this process include governmental and non-governmental actors. The first component of initiation gets at the recognition of the problem with agenda setting. Without the perception of a problem, there is no incentive for the organization to disturb the status quo or to expend organizational energy initiating the policy process. A condition becomes a problem when we come to believe we should do something about them. A problem can be formally defined as a condition or situation that produces needs or dissatisfactions on the part of people for which relief or redress is sought5. Using the case study to illustrate this stage, traffic congestion (initially a condition) becomes a problem because it causes car owners to miss their appointments or be late for work. Traffic congestion is really a matter of time and money. Government or authorities need to solve the problem as it would save a lot of time and money and this would improve the welfare of the population as a whole. Government authorities like the Land Transport Authority (LTA) and academics suggest that traffic congestion may develop due to the size of vehicle population or limited amount of road space. The second stage of the policy-making process is formulation. According to Charles Jones, Formulation is a derivative of formula and means simply to develop a plan, a method, a prescription for acting on a problem6. In other words, formulation is a process of developing a plan or action to resolve a problem identified in stage one. It is about deciding what should be done, considering the alternatives and the actual drafting of legislation. In the case of the traffic congestion problem, the Chief Ministers, Cabinet and the Civil Servants are involved in the policy formulation. The roles of civil servants include information gathering, analyzing advising. They advise the Ministers the Cabinet for example on the cause of the problem, what options should be chosen how the policy should be developed. It thus gives them significant influences over policy formulation. The Ministers lack the expertise and time to perform many of these functions and are therefore dependent upon these Civil Servants. Next, the available options to solve the problem such as building more roads, widening existing roads or limiting vehicle use (by making it more expensive) are identified. Each of these options has benefits and costs. For example, building more roads involves financial costs, opportunity costs disruption to communities but provides more road space. After this, the option is finally chosen in this case study i. . to limit vehicle population by implementing the Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system. The third stage is policy implementation. It involves those activities directed toward putting a program into effect7. Basically, it is concerned with putting the ideas of stage two into action. It is essentially a practical activity, as distinguished from policy formulation, which is essentially theoretical. The bureaucracy is the executive arm of this process. There are three sets of activities that the bureaucracy engages in order to execute a course of action over time. The top-level bureaucracy (Cabinet and Ministers) is involved in the interpretation activity i. e. the translation of program language into acceptable and feasible directives. The mid-level bureaucracy (Civil Servants) is involved in the organization activity i. e. the establishment of units and methods for putting a program into effect. The Street-level bureaucracy (Personnel of LTA) is involved in the application activity i. e. the routine provision of services, payments, or other agreed-upon program objectives or instruments. Returning to the case study, the Singapore government implemented the ERP system in 1999 to better manage road use. The Ministry of Transport, the LTA and the Subordinate Courts are involved in the implementation stage. Basically, the LTA sets the amount that motorists have to pay at different times of the day. Motorists who pass through an operational ERP gantry without a properly inserted Cash Card in the In-Vehicle Unit (IU), or with a Cash Card with insufficient balance to pay for the ERP charges, will have to pay an administrative surcharge plus the ERP charge within two weeks of the violation8. If the administrative charge and the ERP charge are not paid within this period, they will receive a Notice of Traffic Offence offering to compound the offence payable within 28 days9. Upon expiry of the Notice, the matter will be referred to the Court. There is also composition fine for passing through an ERP gantry without an IU. The final stage is policy evaluation. Given the imperfect nature of formulation and the contingent nature of implementation, a policy will meet with varying success. In the evaluation stage, analysts will return to evaluate the policy to determine whether it is producing the desired results, to recommend whether it ought to be modified, and even to determine whether resources should be shifted to other programs. The results of evaluation may suggest that the policy ought to be abolished or replaced with a new approach to the issue. This often-ongoing evaluation may well serve to set the agenda again, setting off another round through the policy process. Success itself has to be evaluated. For instance, the ERP system may be relatively effective in managing traffic conditions along major roads and within the central business district, but at the cost of reducing disposable income. This would in turn increase the cost of living the costs of businesses. The authorities might incur a backlash or criticism from the people. Therefore the costs and benefits need to be examined in every case. Side effects must be taken into account. The government can be seen to create its own problems, which then require new public policy to deal with them. The government may, for example, choose to cut down the steep prices of the ERP system or to widen existing roads. In my view, the implementation process is the most important stage in the policy process. It is an important but frequently overlooked step. Firstly, lacking proper implementation, policy innovation and selection may end up being little more than intellectual exercises. Indeed, faulty policy implementation can invalidate the earlier, carefully considered steps in the policy-making process and thereby intensify the original problem. This stage then, warrants our careful attention. Secondly, policy failures mostly occur at the implementation stage. This is because policy-makers have not paid enough attention to policy implementation. To identify the problems caused by implementation, one needs to first acknowledge the difference between non-implementation and unsuccessful implementation. Unsuccessful implementation is where the failure is in the policy or the theory it is based upon. This may happen due to insufficient resources, organizational complexity, inadequate planning, inflated aspirations and complex environments. Non-implementation is when a policy is not put into effect as it was intended. It could be that those involved in its execution are uncooperative or inefficient. Government influence on the interpretation and application of laws, rules and guidelines is seen to be diluted by the delegation of wide discretion to those actually carrying out the policies10. Besides, the government may leave it to the discretion of agencies and Civil Service departments. Hence, the problem of unclear objectives is noted. There is a need during the implementation stage for an understanding and agreement on clear objectives, which must persist throughout the implementation stage, for it to be successful. Thirdly, different implementing agencies may depend on other agencies for success. The smaller the number of relationships between agencies and the smaller their importance, chance of success would be greater. The more they depend on others the more inefficient they will become. In addition, administrators can face many obstacles outside their control, as they are external to the policy or the implementation process. Sometimes these can be put down to bad luck, like physical obstructions such as drought upsetting an agricultural program. Sometimes it may be political obstacles that get in the way, as with the public condemnation of the Poll Tax in Europe, leading to reforms in the policy cycle. However, this is not to say that the other stages of the policy-making process are unimportant. We still need to consider the relative importance of other stages as well because any policy failure may be due to the problems arising from these stages. Policy initiation is crucial in that it sets the political agenda by both defining certain problems as issues and by determining how those issues are to be addressed. Problem definition and policy formulation have contingent or dependent relationships. Problems need to be defined first before policy formulation on a particular course of action is made. As Charles Lindblom says Policy-makers are not faced with a given problem11. Policy-makers are constantly probing, searching and redefining problems and issues. Basically, how one diagnoses a problem would determine ones prescription. Formulation is also important because it includes a number of analytical steps such as the decision about how to decide, assessing the various options and selecting the best, and the actual drafting of legislation. It is the decision-making stage of the policy process. It is the most overtly political stage insofar as the many potential solutions to a given problem must somehow be winnowed down to one or a few picked and readied for use. Obviously, most possible choices will not be realized. Moreover, the policy-makers might get it wrong at this stage by choosing the wrong approach and this can result in policy failures which subsequently occur at the implementation stage. Policy success does require that policy be formulated upon a valid theory of cause and effect. Formulation should be based on adequate understanding of the problem; otherwise it can lead to reasoning of its effects which are very different from the eventual actuality. If policy does fail, it might be this underlying theory that is at fault. Undoubtedly, the evaluation stage is also important. This process is required as our understanding of social issues and the effect of government intervention is imperfect. We cannot be certain of the results a policy will bring or of the efficiency and success of implementing it. Therefore there is a need for evaluation in the policy-making process. It must be decided whether the policy meet the objectives it was designed for. Even when a policy has enjoyed some level of success it is unlikely that it will act as maintaining this level of improvement. It is more likely to lead to a continuation or modification of the existing policy. In conclusion, policy-making process is a long-term matter starting with the establishing of goals and moving through the selection of alternatives and to the implementation and evaluation of the solution. Nonetheless, policy-making is instead a complexly interactive process without beginning or end12. This process model is criticized as being too ordered, predictable and rational. In actuality, policy does not follow this sequential order of approach. Moreover, the boundaries between the different stages are blurred. For instance, policy implementation may lead to problem definition and policy evaluation is a constant activity. They are not restricted to a stipulated stage or time. In my view, the implementation process is the most important stage in the policy process, as a policy will remain as an idea if it is not implemented.